Abstract
This study examined the effect of pullout instrumental lessons on the academic achievement of eighth-grade band students. Participants (N = 353) included 292 nonband students and 61 band students pulled once per week for music lessons in a single suburban K–8 school district in Midwestern United States. Data indicated that eighth-grade band students achieved significantly higher mean scores on the ACT Explore test than students who dropped band prior to eighth grade (n = 58) or never enrolled in the program (n = 234). In addition, no significant differences existed between all band students and the highest achieving nonband students, or between students who discontinued band after at least 1 year and those who never enrolled. Although band students in this study tended to be more academically successful than nonband students at the outset, these results support the assertion that pullout lessons had no negative effect on academic achievement, regardless of the number of years students participated in the program.
|
ACT . (2010). Explore: ACT’s college readiness test for 8th and 9th graders. Retrived from http://www.act.org/explore/index.html Google Scholar | |
|
Beck, T. (1998). The music of deliberation. Educational Leadership, 55(7), 37–40. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Casserly, M. A. (1987). Guiding the middle school schedule: Avoiding the pitfalls of pullouts during the school day. NASSP Bulletin, 71(51), 51–52. doi:10.1177/01926365870715011410.1177/019263658707150114 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Circle, D. (1989). Hard data. Unpublished manuscript, Shawnee Mission School District 512. Google Scholar | |
|
Copland, C. (1960). Instrumental programs in the elementary school. Instrumentalist, 14(7), 32, 36. Google Scholar | |
|
Corral, S. J. (1998). A comparison study of the California Test of Basic Skills between fourth and fifth grade instrumental music pullout students and students not involved in the instrumental music program. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED430013). Retrived from http://eric.ed.gov/PDFS/ED430013.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Cox, R. W. (2001). Effects on academic achievement for fifth-grade students in a band pull-out program (Master’s thesis). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 1405730) Google Scholar | |
|
Creech, M. (1987). A survey of instrumental music scheduling status in public schools of southeast Missouri. Missouri Journal of Music Education Research, 5(4), 21–49. Google Scholar | |
|
Cronin, B. W., Raywid, M. A. (1990). Fractured days. American School Board Journal, 177(3), 26, 39. Google Scholar | |
|
Delzell, J. K., Doerksen, P. F. (1998a, April). Beginning band and orchestra programs in the United States: Actual versus recommended opportunities to learn by regions, grade levels, and population densities. Paper presented at the 56th National Biennial In-Service Conference of Music Educators National Conference, Phoenix, AZ. Google Scholar | |
|
Delzell, J. K., Doerksen, P. F. (1998b). Reconsidering the grade level for beginning instrumental music. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 16(2), 17–22. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Demorest, S. M., Morrison, S. J. (2000). Does music make you smarter? Music Educators Journal, 87(2), 33–58. doi:10.2307/339964610.2307/3399646 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Doerksen, P. F., Delzell, J. K. (2000). Grade starts and scheduling practices: Recommended vs. actual opportunities in beginning string programs. American String Teacher, 50(2), 58–63. Google Scholar | Abstract | |
|
Dryden, S. (1992). The impact of instrumental music on the academic achievement of fifth grade students (Unpublished master’s thesis). Fort Hayes State University, KS. Google Scholar | |
|
Elovitz, L. H. (2002). Let’s cut out all those classroom interruptions. Principal, 81(5), 57–58. Google Scholar | |
|
Engdahl, P. B. (1994). The effect of pullout programs on the academic achievement of sixth-grade students in South Bend, Indiana (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (UMI No. 9428809) Google Scholar | |
|
English, F. (1984). Pullouts: How much do they erode whole-class teaching? Principal, 63(5), 32–36. Google Scholar | |
|
Fitzpatrick, K. R. (2006). The effect of instrumental music participation and socioeconomic status on Ohio fourth-, sixth-, and ninth-grade proficiency test performance. Journal of Research in Music Education, 54(1), 73–84. doi:10.1177/ 00224294060540010610.1177/ 002242940605400106 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fraedrich, E. (1997). Art of elementary band directing. Galesville, MD: Meredith Music. Google Scholar | |
|
Friedman, B. (1959). An evaluation of the achievement in reading and arithmetic of pupils in elementary school instrumental music classes. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 20, 3662–3663. Google Scholar | |
|
Gamin, R. M. (2005). Teacher perceptions regarding attrition in beginning instrumental music classes during the first year of study. Contributions to Music Education, 32(2), 43–64. Google Scholar | |
|
Gillespie, R. (1992). The elementary pull-out crisis: Using research effectively. American String Teacher, 42(2), 79–81. Google Scholar | Abstract | |
|
Groff, F. H. (1963). Effect on academic achievement of excusing elementary school pupils from classes to study instrumental music. Dissertations Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 25, 5014–5015. Google Scholar | |
|
Hash, P. M. (2004). Literature review: Pullout lessons in instrumental music education. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 159, 1–10. Google Scholar | |
|
Hassel, B. E., Hassel, E. A. (2009, December). Race to the top: Accelerating college and career readiness in states. Retrived from http://www.achieve.org/RTTT-TeacherEffectiveness Google Scholar | |
|
Hennessey, G. S. (1984). Pull-outs disrupt class teaching. Instructor, 94(2), 18. Google Scholar | |
|
Holmes, D. M. (1997). An examination of fifth-grade instrumental music programs and their relationships with music and academic achievement. Dissertations Abstracts International: Section A. Humanities and Social Sciences, 58, 2126. Google Scholar | |
|
Kinney, D. W. (2008). Selected demographic variables, school music participation, and achievement test scores of urban middle school students. Journal of Research in Music Education, 56(2), 145–161. doi:10.1177/002242940832253010.1177/0022429408322530 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kvet, E. J. (1985). Excusing elementary school students from regular classroom activities for the study of instrumental music: The effect on sixth-grade reading, language, and mathematics achievement. Journal of Research in Music Education, 33(1), 45–54. doi:10.2307/334475710.2307/3344757 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lee, K. (2009, December 10). Districts cautious with state’s “race to the top.” Illinois Statehouse News. Retrived from http://illinois.statehousenewsonline.com/tag/race-to-the-top/ Google Scholar | |
|
Meyers, J., Gelzheiser, L., Yelich, G., Gallagher, M. (1990). Classroom, remedial, and resource teachers’ views of pullout programs. Elementary School Journal, 90, 533–545. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
MENC: The National Association for Music Education . (2007). Specialized music instruction MENC position statement. Retrived from http://www.menc.org/about/view/specialized-music-instruction Google Scholar | |
|
Mixon, K. (2007). Reaching and teaching all instrumental music students. Lanham MD: MENC/Rowan & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
National Association of Music Merchants/MENC: The National Association for Music Education . (n.d.). Keep music education strong [Advocacy brochure]. Retrived from http://www.nammfoundation.org/support-music/resources Google Scholar | |
|
No Child Left Behind Act, Pub. L. No. 107-11, 115 Stat. 1425 (2001). Google Scholar | |
|
Pearson, B. (Ed.). (n.d.). Why music is basic: The value of music education. San Diego, CA: Neil A. Kjos Music Company. Google Scholar | |
|
Pruitt, J. (1969). [Review of the dissertation Effect on academic achievement of excusing elementary school pupils from classes to study instrumental music]. Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, 15, 57–59. Google Scholar | |
|
Robitaille, J. P., O’Neal, S. (1981). Why instrumental music in elementary schools? Phi Delta Kappan, 63, 213. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Sanders, A. E. (2001). Alternatives to elementary instrumental pull-out programs: A description of three programs (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Massachusetts, Lowell. Google Scholar | |
|
Taylor, B. (1985). Let’s pull out of the pullout programs. Principal, 65(1), 52–54. Google Scholar | |
|
Wallick, M. D. (1998). A comparison study of the Ohio Proficiency Test results between fourth-grade string pullout students and those of matched ability. Journal of Research in Music Education, 46(2), 239–247. doi:10.2307/334562610.2307/3345626 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Williams, J. (2009, December 14). Who would have guesses that the race would look like this? Retrived from http://www.dfer.org/2009/12/who_would_have.php Google Scholar |

