![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the warm-ups chosen by concert band directors participating in state-level performance assessments. We observed 29 middle and high school bands and coded the frequency and duration of warm-up activities and behaviors. Results indicated that most bands rehearsed music and played scales, long tones, and interval exercises; approximately one third concentrated on breathing, articulation, and chorales. More high school directors used singing exercises than middle school directors, and more middle school directors tuned their ensembles than high school directors. Middle school directors spent 23% of the warm-up time tuning with an electronic tuning device. Directors mostly spent time teaching, tuning, and playing through pieces, and mental warm-up exercises and imagery constituted less than 1% of all activities. Considering the abundance of recommended practices and limited time available for warm-up at a festival; this study may provide evidence for the profession to differentiate between warm-up practices for rehearsal and assessment.
Keywords adjudication, assessment, band director, music education, tuning, warm-up
References
Section:
|
Brendell, J. K. (1996). Time use, rehearsal activity, and student off-task behavior during the initial minutes of high school choral rehearsals. Journal of Research in Music Education, 44, 6–14. doi:10.2307/3345409 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Brittin, R. V. (2005). Preservice and experienced teachers’ lesson plans for beginning instrumentalists. Journal of Research in Music Education, 53, 26–39. doi:10.1177/002242940505300103 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Casey, J. L. (1993). Teaching techniques and insights for instrumental music educators. Chicago, IL: GIA. Google Scholar | |
|
Coffman, D. D. (1990). Effects of mental practice, physical practice, and knowledge of results on piano performance. Journal of Research in Music Education, 38, 187–196. doi:10.2307/3345182 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Duke, R. A., Stammen, D. (2009). SCRIBE: Simple computer recording interface for behavioral evaluation (Version 4.1) [Computer software]. Austin, TX: The University of Texas. Google Scholar | |
|
Everett, K. L., Smith, D. B., Thompson, B. J., Fiddler, R. E., Pollner, C. M., Ryan, E. D. (2011). The influence of different volumes of a sport specific warm-up on muscle strength endurance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 25(Suppl. 1), S35. doi:10.1097/01.JSC.0000395633.17488.63 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fradkin, A. J., Gabbe, B. J., Cameron, P. A. (2006). Does warming up prevent injury in sport? Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 9, 214–220. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.03.026 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Goolsby, T. W. (1996). Time use in instrumental rehearsals: A comparison of experienced, novice, and student teachers. Journal of Research in Music Education, 44, 286–303. doi:10.2307/3345442 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hunter, M. (1993). Enhancing teaching. New York, NY: Macmillan College. Google Scholar | |
|
Jones, L., Stuth, G. (1997). The uses of mental imagery in athletics: An overview. Applied & Preventive Psychology, 6, 101–115. doi:10.1016/S0962–1849(05)80016–2 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Jordan, J. (2005). Evoking sound choral warm–up method, procedures, planning and core vocal exercises. Chicago, IL: GIA. Google Scholar | |
|
Kostka, M. J. (2002). Practice expectations and attitudes: A survey of college-level music teachers and students. Journal of Research in Music Education, 50, 145–154. doi:10.2307/3345818 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lisk, E. S. (2006). The creative director. Galesville, MD: Meredith Music. Google Scholar | |
|
Mandengue, S. H. (2009). Methodological approach for determining optimal active warm-up intensity. Science & Sports, 24, 9–14. doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2008.06.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Matthews, W. K., Kitsantas, A. (2007). Group cohesion, collective efficacy, and motivations climate as predictors of conductor support in music ensembles. Journal of Research in Music Education, 55, 6–17. doi:10.1177/002242940705500102 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
McMillian, D. J., Moore, J. H., Hatler, B. S., Taylor, D. C. (2006). Dynamic vs. static-stretching warm up: The effect on power and agility performance. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20, 492–499. doi:10.1519/18205.1 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Orlick, T., Partington, J. (1988). Mental links to excellence. Sport Psychologist, 2, 105–130. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Orman, E. K., Yarbrough, C., Neill, S., Whitaker, J. A. (2007). Time usage of middle and high school band directors in sight-reading adjudication. Update: Applications of Research in Music Education, 25(2), 36–46. doi:10.1177/87551233070250020105 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Pasanen, K., Parkkari, J., Pasanen, M., Kannus, P. (2009). Effect of a neuromuscular warm–up programme on muscle power, balance, speed and agility: A randomised controlled study. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43, 1073–1078. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2009.061747 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Price, H. E. (2006). Relationships among conducting quality, ensemble performance quality, and state festival ratings. Journal of Research in Music Education, 54, 203–214. doi:10.1177/002242940605400304 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Roland, D. (1994). How professional performers manage performance anxiety. Research Studies in Music Education, 2, 25–35. doi:10.1177/1321103X9400200105 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ross, S. L. (1985). The effectiveness of mental practice in improving the performance of college trombonists. Journal of Research in Music Education, 33, 221–230. doi:10.2307/3345249 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rush, S. (2006). Habits of a successful band director. Chicago, IL: GIA. Google Scholar | |
|
Soligard, T., Myklebust, G., Steffen, K., Holme, I., Silvers, H., Bizzini, M., . . . Andersen, T. E. (2008). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers. British Medical Journal, 337, a2469. doi:10.1136/bmj.a2469 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Turman, P. D. (2003). Coaches and cohesion: The impact of coaching techniques on team cohesion in the small group sport setting. Journal of Sport Behavior, 26, 86–103. Google Scholar | |
|
Wittekind, A. L., Beneke, R. (2009). Effect of warm-up on run time to exhaustion. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12, 480–484. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.12.009 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Woolfolk, R., Parrish, M., Murphy, S. (1985). The effects of positive and negative imagery on motor skill performance. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 9, 335–341. doi:10.1007/BF01183852 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Yarbrough, C., Price, H. E. (1989). Sequential patterns of instruction in music. Journal of Research in Music Education, 37, 179–187. doi:10.2307/3344668 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
