Abstract
The present study investigated a set of eleven aesthetic and recreational activities according to the types of experiences they provide. Aesthetic, Escapist and Agentic experiences were studied. Aesthetic experiences were defined as those that absorb one's full attention and arouse one's senses and emotions to a state of transcendance. Escapist experiences were defined as those sought as desirable substitutes for a presently anxious or unpleasant state. Agentic experiences are those that the individual uses in an instrumental fashion to acquire information or learning. It was found that the dimensions underlying activity similarity for each type of experience included: presence vs. absence of a story line, nonvisual sensory stimulation, active vs. passive participation, solitary vs. group involvement and in-home vs. out-of-home setting.
References
| 1. | Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Graef, R. , The Experience of Freedom in Daily Life, American Journal of Community Psychology, 8, pp. 401–414, 1980. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 2. | Csikszentmihalyi, M. and Kubey, R. , Television and the Rest of Life: A Systematic Comparison of Subjective Experience, Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, pp. 317–328, 1981. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 3. | Csikszentmihalyi, M., Larson, R., and Prescott, S. The Ecology of Adolescent Activities and Experience, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 6, pp. 281–294, 1977. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
| 4. | Holbrook, M. B. and Hirschman, E. C. , The Experiential Aspects of Consumption: Consumer Fantasies, Feeling and Fun, Journal of Consumer Research, September, 9, pp. 132–140, 1982. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 5. | Katz, E., Blumler, J., and Gurevitch, M. , Uses and Gratification Research, Public Opinion Quarterly, 37, pp. 509–523, 1973. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 6. | Pope, K. S. and Singer, J. L. (eds.), The Stream of Consciousness, Plenum Press, New York, 1978. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 7. | Holbrook, M. B. and Lehmann, D. R. , Allocating Discretionary Time: Complementarity Among Activities, Journal of Consumer Research, 7, pp. 395–406, 1981. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 8. | Bishop, D. W. , Stability of the Factor Structure of Leisure Behavior: Analysis of Four Communities, Journal of Leisure Research, 2, pp. 160–170, 1970. Google Scholar | ISI |
| 9. | Duncan, D. J. , Leisure Types: Factor Analyses of Leisure Profiles, Journal of Leisure Research, 10, pp. 113–125, 1978. Google Scholar | ISI |
| 10. | de Grazia, S. , Of Time, Work, and Leisure, Doubleday, New York, 1962. Google Scholar |
| 11. | McKechnie, G. E. , The Psychological Structure of Leisure: Past Behavior, Journal of Leisure Research, 6, pp. 27–45, 1974. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 12. | Ritchie, J. R. B. , On the Derivation of Leisure Activity Types—A Perceptual Mapping Approach, Journal of Leisure Research, 7, pp. 128–140, 1975. Google Scholar | ISI |
| 13. | Witt, P. A. , Factor Structure of Leisure Behavior for High School Age Youth in Three Communities, Journal of Leisure Research, 4, pp. 213–219, 1971. Google Scholar |
| 14. | Beard, J. G. and Ragheb, M. G. , Measuring Leisure Satisfaction, Journal of Leisure Research, 12, pp. 20–33, 1980. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 15. | Pierce, R. C. , Dimensions of Leisure: Satisfactions, Journal of Leisure Research, 12, pp. 5–19, 1980. Google Scholar | ISI |
| 16. | Crandall, R. , Motivations for Leisure, Journal of Leisure Research, 12, pp. 45–54, 1980. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 17. | Holbrook, M. B. , Representing Patterns of Association Among Leisure Activities: A Comparison of Two Techniques, Journal of Leisure Research, 12, pp. 242–256, 1980. Google Scholar | ISI |
| 18. | Swanson, G. E. , Travels Through Inner Space: Family Structure and Openness to Absorbing Experiences, American Journal of Sociology, 83, pp. 890–919, 1978. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 19. | Hilgard, J. R. , Personality and Hypnosis: A Study of Imaginative Involvement, 2nd edition, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1979. Google Scholar |
| 20. | Tellegen, A. and Atkinson, G. , Openness to Absorbing and Self-Altering Experiences, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 38, pp. 268–277, 1974. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 21. | Holbrook, M. B. and Zirlin, R. B. , Artistic Creation, Artworks and Aesthetic Appreciation: Some Philosophical Contributions to Nonprofit Marketing, Belk, R. (ed.), Nonprofit Marketing, Vol. 1, JAI Press, 1983. Google Scholar |
| 22. | Olson, J. , What is an Aesthetic Response? Hirschman, E. C. and Holbrook, M. B. (eds.), Symbolic Consumer Behavior, pp. 71–75, 1981. Google Scholar |
| 23. | Deikman, A. , Deautomization and the Mystic Experience, Psychiatry, 29, pp. 329–343, 1966. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 24. | Fischer, R. , A Cartography of the Ecstatic and Mediative States, Science, 26, pp. 897–904, 1971. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 25. | Holbrook, M. B. , Some Preliminary Notes on Research in Consumer Esthetics, Olson, Jerry C. (ed.), Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 7, Association for Consumer Research, pp. 104–108, 1980. Google Scholar |
| 26. | Bakan, D. , The Duality of Human Existence, Rand McNally, Chicago, 1966. Google Scholar |
| 27. | Hirschman, E. C. , Experience Seeking: A Subjectivist View of Consumption, Journal of Business Research, in press. Google Scholar |
| 28. | Hirschman, E. C. , Predictors of Self-Projection, Fantasy Fulfillment, and Escapism, Journal of Social Psychology, in press. Google Scholar |
| 29. | Reynolds, H. T. , Analysis of Nominal Data, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1977. Google Scholar |
| 30. | Young, F. W. and Lewyckyi, R. , ALSCAL User's Guide, Institute for Research in the Social Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N.C., 1980. Google Scholar |
| 31. | Kruskal, J. B. and Wish, M. , Multidimensional Scaling, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, 1978. Google Scholar | Crossref |
