Does Computer Technology Improve Student Learning and Achievement? How, When, and under What Conditions?

First Published June 1, 1999 Research Article

There have been widespread claims that technology can make learning easier, more efficient, and more motivating. This article argues that ease and efficiency should not be the leading criteria for advocating and implementing computer technology in schools. The authors assert that to produce more meaningful learning, computer technologies need to be designed according to sound learning theories and pedagogy. When administrators, teachers, and parents understand that different computer technologies serve and augment different learning experiences, they can make informed judgments about which technologies are best suited to enhance student learning and achievement.

1. Edwards, V. (ed.), Technology Counts, Education Week, 18:5, 1998.
Google Scholar
2. Holt, J. , Learning All the Time, Addison-Wesley, New York, 1989.
Google Scholar
3. Postman, N. , The End of Education: Redefining the Value of School, Knopf, New York, 1995.
Google Scholar
4. Ericsson, K. A., Lehmann, A. C., Expert and Exceptional performance: Evidence on Maximal Adaptations on Task Constraints, Annual Review of Psychology, 47, pp. 273305, 1996.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
5. Engelbart, D. C. , The Augmentation Papers: A Collection Since 1960, Bootstrap Institute, Fremont, California, October 1994.
Google Scholar
6. Kulik, J. A. , Meta-Analytic Studies of Findings on Computer Based Instruction, in Technology Assessment in Education and Training, Baker, E. L., O'Neil, H. F. (eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1994.
Google Scholar
7. Glass, G. V., McGaw, B., Smith, M. L., Meta-Analysis in Social Research, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, California, 1981.
Google Scholar
8. Sivin-Kachala, J. , Report on the Effectiveness of Technology in Schools, 1990–1997, Software Publisher's Association, 1997.
Google Scholar
9. Mann, D., Shakeshaft, C., Becker, J., Kottkamp, R., West Virginia's Basic Skills/Computer Education Program: An Analysis of Student Achievement, Milken Family Foundation, Santa Monica, California, 1999.
Google Scholar
10. Kay, A. , Observations about Children and Computers, paper presented at the meeting of For a New Social Science, Boca Raton, Florida, May 1994.
Google Scholar
11. Riel, M. , Cross Classroom Collaboration: Communication and Education, in CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm, Koschmann, T. (ed.), Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 1996.
Google Scholar
12. Papert, S. , The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap, Longstreet Press, Atlanta, Georgia, 1996.
Google Scholar
13. Pea, R. D. , Seeing What We Build Together Distributed Multimedia Learning Environments for Transformative Communications (Special Issue), The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 3:3, pp. 285299, 1993.
Google Scholar | Crossref
14. Scardamalia, M., Bereiter, C., Computer Support for Knowledge-Building Communities, in CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm, Koschmann, T. (ed.), Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 1996.
Google Scholar
15. Piaget, J. , The Moral Judgment of the Child, Free Press, New York, 1965.
Google Scholar
16. Damon, W., Killen, M., Peer Interaction and the Process of Change in Children's Moral Reasoning, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, pp. 347367, 1982.
Google Scholar | ISI
17. Youniss, J. , Parents and Peers in Social Development, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1980.
Google Scholar
18. Johnson, D. W., Johnson, R. T., Cooperative Learning and Achievement, in Cooperative Learning: Theory and Research, Shlomo, S. (ed.), Praeger, New York, 1990.
Google Scholar
19. Sharan, S., Shaulov, A., Cooperative Learning, Motivation to Learn, and Academic Achievement, in Cooperative Learning: Theory and Research, Shlomo, S. (ed.), Praeger, New York, 1990.
Google Scholar
20. Slavin, R. E. , Effects of Student Teams and Peer Tutoring on Academic Achievement and Time-On-Task, Journal of Experimental Education, 48, pp. 252257, 1980.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
21. De Paolis, P., Doise, W., Mugney, G., Social markings in Cognitive Operations, in Current Issues in European Social Psychology, Vol. 2, Doise, W., Moscovici, S. (eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, pp. 145, 1987.
Google Scholar
22. Forman, E. A., Cazden, C. B., Exploring Vygotskian Perspectives in Education: The Cognitive Value of Peer Interaction, in Culture, Communication and Cognition: Vygotskian perspectives, Wertsch, J. V. (ed.), Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 323347, 1985.
Google Scholar
23. Brown, A. L., Palinscar, A. S., Guided, Cooperative Learning and Individual Knowledge Acquisition, in Knowing, Learning and Instruction: Essays in Honor of Robert Glaser, Resnick, L. B. (ed.), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, pp. 393451, 1989.
Google Scholar
24. Saxe, G. B. , Studying Children's Learning in Context: Problems and Prospects, Journal of the Learning Sciences, 2, pp. 215235, 1992.
Google Scholar | Crossref
25. Webb, N. M. , Task-Related Verbal Interaction and Mathematics Learning in Small Groups, Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 22, pp. 366389, 1991.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
26. Webb, N. M., Troper, J. D., Fall, R., Constructive Activity and Learning in Collaborative Small Groups, Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, pp. 406423, 1995.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
27. Roschelle, J. , Learning by Collaborating: Convergent Conceptual Change, in CSCL: Theory and Practice of an Emerging Paradigm, Koschmann, T. (ed.), Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, pp. 209248, 1996.
Google Scholar
28. Vygotsky, L. S. , Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1978.
Google Scholar
29. Wertsch, J. V. , Vygotsky and the Social Formation of the Mind, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1985.
Google Scholar
30. Ellis, S., Rogoff, B., The Strategies and Efficacy of Child versus Adult Teachers, Child Development, 53, pp. 730735, 1982.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
31. Gauvain, M., Rogoff, B., Collaborative Problem Solving and Children's Planning Skills, Developmental Psychology, 25, pp. 139151, 1989.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
32. Radziszewska, B., Rogoff, B., Influence of Adult and Peer Collaborators on Children's Planning Skills, Developmental Psychology, 24, pp. 840848, 1988.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
33. Radziszewska, B., Rogoff, B., Children's Guided Participation in Planning Errands with Skilled Adult or Peer Partners, Developmental Psychology, 27, pp. 381389, 1991.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
34. Brown, J. S., Collins, A., Duguid, P., Situated Cognition and the Culture of Learning, Educational Researcher, 18, pp. 3242, 1989.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
35. Rogoff, B. , Apprenticeship in Thinking: Cognitive Development in Sociocultural Activity, Oxford University Press, New York, 1990.
Google Scholar
36. Rogoff, B. , Developing Understanding of the Idea of Communities of Learners, Mind, Culture, and Activity, 1, pp. 209229, 1994.
Google Scholar
37. Wertsch, J. V., Stone, C. A., A Social Interactional Analysis of Learning Disabilities Remediation, paper presented at the International Conference of the Association for Children with Learning Disabilities, San Francisco, 1979.
Google Scholar
38. Frederiksen, J. R., White, B. Y., Cognitive Facilitation: A Method for Promoting Reflective Collaboration, in Proceedings of CSCL '97, Hall, R., Miyake, N., Enyedy, N. (eds.). University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 5362, 1997.
Google Scholar | Crossref
39. Bell, P. , Using Argument Representations to Make Thinking Visible for Individuals and Groups, in Proceedings of CSCL '97, Hall, R., Miyake, N., Enyedy, N. (eds.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 1019, 1997.
Google Scholar | Crossref
40. Dewey, J. , Democracy and Education, Macmillan, New York, 1916.
Google Scholar
41. Duffy, T. M., Cunningham, D. J., Constructivism: Implications for the Design and Delivery of Instruction, in Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology, Jonassen, D. H. (ed.), Macmillan, New York, pp. 170198, 1996.
Google Scholar
42. Papert, S. , The Children's Machine: Rethinking School in the Age of the Computer, Basic Books, New York, 1993.
Google Scholar
43. Harel, I. , Software Designed for Learning: Children's Construction of Meaning for Factions and Logo Programming, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, 1988.
Google Scholar
44. Perkins, D. N. , Knowledge as Design: Critical and Creative Thinking for Teachers and Learners, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1986.
Google Scholar
45. Kafai, Y. , Minds in Play: Computer Game Design as a Context for Children's Learning, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1995.
Google Scholar
46. Resnick, M., Bruckman, A., Martin, F., Pianos not Stereos: Creating Computational Construction Kits, Interactions, 3, p. 6, 1996.
Google Scholar | Crossref
47. Blumenfeld, P., Soloway, E., Marx, R., Krajcik, J., Guzdial, M., Palinscar, A., Motivating Project-Based Learning: Sustaining the Doing, Supporting the Learning, Educational Psychologist, 26, pp. 369398. 1991.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
48. Barron, B. J. S., Schwartz, D. L., Vye, N. J., Moore, A., Petrosino, A., Zech, L., Bransford, J., and The Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt, Doing with Understanding: Lessons from Research on Problem- and Project-Based Learning, The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7:3/4, pp. 271311, 1998.
Google Scholar
49. Erikson, J., Lehrer, R., The Evolution of Critical Standards as Students Design Hypermedia Documents, The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7:3/4, pp. 351386, 1998.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
50. Krajcik, J., Blumenfeld, P. C., Marx, R. W., Bass, K. M., Fredricks, J., Soloway, E., Inquiry in Project-Based Science Classrooms: Initial Attempts Made by Middle School Students, The Journal of the Learning Sciences, 7:3/4, pp. 313350, 1998.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
51. Harel, J., Papert, S., Software Design as a Learning Environment, in Constructionism, Harel, I., Papert, S. (eds.), Ablex, Norwood, New Jersey, pp. 4184, 1991.
Google Scholar
52. Huebel-Drake, M., Mouradian, M., Stern, E., Finkel, L., Foundations of Science: A Three Year Integrated High School Science Curriculum, unpublished manuscript, Center for Highly Interactive Computing in Education, University of Michigan, 1997.
Google Scholar
53. A. Pryor, E. Soloway, and The Hi-C Research Group , Foundations of Science: Using Technology to Support Authentic Science Learning, unpublished manuscript, Center for Highly Interactive Computing in Education, University of Michigan, 1997.
Google Scholar
54. Gardner, H. , The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution, Basic Books, New York, 1985.
Google Scholar
55. Bruer, J. T. , Schools for Thought: A Science of Learning in the Classroom, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1993.
Google Scholar
56. Bruer, J. T. , Education and the Brain: A Bridge Too Far, Educational Researcher, 26:8, pp. 416, 1997.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
57. Chi, M. T. H., Glaser, R., Farr, M. J. (eds.), The Nature of Expertise, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1988.
Google Scholar
58. Lajoie, S. P., Derry, S. J., Computers as Cognitive Tools, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1993.
Google Scholar
59. Poison, M. C., Richardson, J. J., Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1988.
Google Scholar
60. Psotka, J., Massey, L. D., Mutter, S. A., Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lesson Learned, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1988.
Google Scholar
61. Regian, J. W., Shute, V. J. (eds.), Cognitive Approaches to Automated Instruction, Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey, 1992.
Google Scholar
62. Shute, V. J., Psotka, J., Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Past, Present, and Future, in Handbook of Research for Educational Communications and Technology, Jonassen, D. H. (ed.), Simon and Schuster, New York, 1996.
Google Scholar
63. Anderson, J. R., Boyle, C., Yost, G., The Geometry Tutor, Proceedings of IJCAI.-85, Los Angeles, California, pp. 17, 1985.
Google Scholar
64. MacKay, C. , Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds, Crown Trade, New York, 1841.
Google Scholar

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Access

    does not have access to this content.

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

JEC-article-ppv for GBP29.00
JEC-article-ppv for $37.50

Cookies Notification

This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more.
Top