Abstract
‘Minority children’ experience a lot of shifts in their cultural contexts. The author's work as a professional teacher in multicultural classes enabled her to focus on the research questions presented in this article. These questions concern the need for some minority children to achieve equal opportunities in the Norwegian educational system. The author uses her teaching practice and ethnographic notes to put forward two particular cases that illustrate the issues of her concern. Informant interviews with teachers in the same school inform the methodology. Positions outlined by Stephen May discussing degrees of essentialism in theory and practical work with children are used when discussing the cultural challenges involved in these cases. Following this, critical multiculturalism raises the question of cultural differences and of how to theorise and do research without creating culturally essentialising categories. This article alerts readers to the plight of children in shifting cultural contexts, to the challenges they are facing, and to the skills and competencies they are developing. It seeks to contribute to two current areas of debate, namely inclusive education and internationalisation.
| Andersen, C.E. (2002) Verden i barnehagen. Dekonstruksjoner i lys av postkolonial teori: En etnografisk undersøkelse fra en barnehage aucleling [The world inside the day care centre. Deconstructions with post-colonial theory: An ethnographic study from a day care centre]. Oslo University College Report no. 18 Google Scholar | |
| Bateson, G. (1972) Steps to an Ecology of Mind. San Francisco: Chandler. Google Scholar | |
| Becher, A.A. & Otterstad, A.M. (2000a) Minoritetssprdklige Ferskoleleereres Utdannings- og Yrkeserfaringer [The experiences of minority preschool teachers in the educational process and in the first years of professional practice]. Occasional Papers, 27. Oslo: Faculty of Education, Oslo University College. Google Scholar | |
| Becher, A.A. & Otterstad, A.M. (2000b) ‘Snakk med Oss!’ Etniske Minoriteter og Multikulturalisme i Høyere Utdanning [‘Talk with us!’ Ethnic minorities and multiculturalism in higher education], Norwegian Journal of Education, 6(7), pp. 419–425. Google Scholar | |
| Bhabha, H. (1990) Nation and Narration. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Bhabha, H. (1994) The Location of Culture. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Bhatti, G. (1999) Asian Children at Home and at School. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Bourdieu, P. (1990) The Logic of Practice. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
| Brandtzæg, K.M. (2002) Barndom i et Makt- og Avmaktsperspektiv [Early childhood viewed from a perspective of power and disempowerment], unpublished Master's thesis, Faculty of Early Childhood Education, Oslo University College. Google Scholar | |
| Cannella, G.S. (1997) Deconstructing Early Childhood Education: Social justice and revolution. New York: Peter Lang. Google Scholar | |
| Dahlberg, G., Moss, P. & Pence, A. (1999) Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care: Postmodern perspectives. London: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
| Djuve, A.B. & Pettersen, H.C. (1998) Må de Være Ute om Vinteren? [Do they have to be outdoors in the winter time? Opinions of day care centres in five different ethnic groups in Oslo]. Report no. 262. Oslo: Fafo Institute for Applied Social Science. Google Scholar | |
| Engen, T.O. (1994) Integrerende Sosialisering Majoritetens Skole [The process of integrational socialising in the majority school], in Engen, T.O. (Ed.) Like Muligheter? [Equal opportunities?], pp. 145–170 Oslo: AdNotam. Google Scholar | |
| Foucault, M. (1998) The History of Sexuality, vol. 1. London: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
| Foucault, M. (1999) The Order of Discourse. Lecture of Introduction with Collège de France, 2 December 1970. Oslo: Spartacus. Google Scholar | |
| Friedman, J. (2000) Global Crises, the Struggle for Cultural Identity and Intellectual Porkbarrelling: Cosmopolitans versus locals, ethnics and nationals in an era of de-hegemonisation, in Werbner, P. & Modood, T. (Eds) Debating Cultural Hybridity, pp. 70–90. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar | |
| Gandhi, L. (1998) Postcolonial Theory: A critical introduction. New York: Columbia University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Immigration, Migration and Ethnic Relations — Program Report 1997–2001. Oslo: Research Council of Norway. Google Scholar | |
| Jackson, R. & Nesbitt, E. (1993) Hindu Children in Britain. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham Books. Google Scholar | |
| Jacobsen, C.M. (2001) Belonging in Many of its Facets: Young Muslims in Norway. Google Scholar | |
| Kalantzis, M. & Cope, B. (1999) Multicultural Education: Transforming the mainstream, in May, S. (Ed.) Critical Multiculturalism: Rethinking multicultural and antiracist education. London: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
| Lien, I.L. (1996) Ordet som Stempler Djevlene [The word that labels the devils]. Oslo: Aventura. Google Scholar | |
| Lien, I.L. (2002a) Identity, Gender Behaviour and Ideals among Youth in a Multicultural City. Immigration, Migration and Ethnic Relations — Program Report 1997–2001. Oslo: Research Council of Norway. Google Scholar | |
| Lien, I.L. (2002b) Ære Void og Kulturell Endring i Oslo Indre By [Honour, violence and cultural change in Oslo's inner city], New Norwegian Journal, 1, pp. 27–41. Google Scholar | |
| May, S. (1999) Critical Multiculturalism and Cultural Difference: Avoiding essentialism, in May, S. (Ed.) Critical Multiculturalism: Rethinking multicultural and antiracist education. London: Falmer Press. Google Scholar | |
| Modood, T. (2000) ‘Difference’, Cultural Racism and Anti-racism, in Werbner, P. & Modood, T. (Eds) Debating Cultural Hybridity, pp. 154–173. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar | |
| Park, R.E. (1928) Human Migration and the Marginal Man, American Journal of Sociology, 6, pp. 881–893. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Pastoor, L. (1998) ‘De Leker så Rart’ [‘Their play is so odd’ — Complexity and interaction in a multicultural school environment], unpublished Master's thesis, University of Oslo. Google Scholar | |
| Rhedding-Jones, J. (1996) Researching Early Schooling: Poststructural practices and academic writing in an ethnography, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 17(1), pp. 21–37. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| Rhedding-Jones, J. (2001) Shifting Ethnicities: ‘native informants’ and other theories from/for early childhood education, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 2(2), pp. 135–156. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Rhedding-Jones, J. (2002) An Undoing of Documents and Other Texts: Towards a critical multiculturalism in early childhood education, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 3(1), pp. 90–116. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Sand, S. (1996) Integrering eller assimilering? Flyktningeforeldres syn på det pedagogiske tilbudet i barnehagen og grunnskolen [Integration or assimilation? Refugee parents and their opinion of early childhood educational institutions]. Valset: Oplandske Bokforlag. Google Scholar | |
| Sand, T. (1997) A Leve med To Kulturer [Living with two cultures], in Sand, T. (Ed.) Flerkulturell Virkelighet i Skole og Samfunn [Multicultural reality in school and society]. Oslo: Cappelen. Google Scholar | |
| Skoug, T. (1994) Migrasjonspedagogisk arbeid i barnehagen [Multicultural education in day care centres]. Valset: Oplandske Bokforlag. Google Scholar | |
| Strand, T. (2001) Hva er Pedagogikk? [What is pedagogy?], in Kvernbekk, T. (Ed.) Pedagogikk og lcererprofesjonalitet [Pedagogy and the teacher's professionalism]. Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. Google Scholar | |
| Tefre, Å. (1992) Visjon eller Virkelighet? Barnehagen som Arena for Flerspråklige Barns Tilegnelse av Kommunikativ Kompetanse før Skolestart [Vision or reality? Day care institutions: Places where multilingual children learn communicative competence before school starts], Debattserien for Barnehagefolk [Journal for People in Preschooling], 2, pp. 19–26. Google Scholar | |
| Tefre, Å. & Hauge, A.M. (1998) The New School of Early Childhood in a Multicultural Perspective. Oslo: Faculty of Education, Oslo University College. Google Scholar | |
| Tefre, Å., Otterstad, A.M. & Becher, A.A. (1997) Tospråklige Assistenter: Deres funksjon, rolle og kvalifikasjonsbehov [Bilingual assistants: Their function, role and need of qualifications]. Oslo: Faculty of Education, Oslo University College. Google Scholar | |
| Werbner, P. (2000) Essentialising Essentialism, Essentialising Silence: Ambivalence and multiplicity in the constructions of racism and ethnicity, in Werbner, P. & Modood, T. (Eds) Debating Cultural Hybridity, pp. 226–254. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar | |
| Yuval-Davis, N. (2000) Ethicity, Gender Relations and Multiculturalism, in Werbner, P. & Modood, T. (Eds) Debating Cultural Hybridity, pp. 193–208. London: Zed Books. Google Scholar | |
| Østberg, S. (1998) Pakistani Children in Oslo: Islamic nurture in a secular context, unpublished PhD thesis, Institute of Education, University of Warwick. Google Scholar | |
| Østberg, S. (2000) Islamic Nurture and Identity Management, British Journal of Religious Education, 22, pp. 91–103. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Ås, B. (1981) Kvinner i alle Land [Women in all countries]. Oslo: Aschehoug. Google Scholar |

