Abstract
Drives to increase the number of early childhood education and care places in England have relied on a mixed economy of providers. Yet this is not a free market as policy makers have sought to create a discursive truth of an entrepreneurial provider in order to secure their initial pump priming investment. However, there remain sustainability issues within the sector, and whilst it has been suggested that it is the hyper-feminisation of the workforce that has positioned early childhood education and care as outside of the entrepreneurial discourse, here it is argued that it is the romanticisation of childhood that really creates the tension with the entrepreneurial discourse due to a rejection of a commodity view of children, childhood and early childhood education and care services. There is a call for a construction of early childhood education and care services from within the sector as opposed to one from top down policy directives, but a construction that does not obscure the voice of the child.
| Acker, J. (1998) The Future of ‘Gender and Organizations’: Connections and boundaries, gender, Work & Organization, 5(4), 195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00057 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Badgett, L. & Folbre, N. (2003) Job Gendering: Occupation childcare and the marriage market, Industrial Relations, 42(2), 270–298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-232X.00290 Google Scholar | |
| Bertram, T. & Pascal, C. (2002) Early Years Education: An international perspective. London: Qualifications and Curriculum Authority. Google Scholar | |
| Blackmore, J. (1995) Policy as Dialogue: Feminist administrators working for educational change, Gender and Education, 7(3), 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540259550039013 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Bourn, J. (2004) Progress in Developing High Quality Childcare and Early Education Accessible to All. London: National Audit Office. Google Scholar | |
| Bowe, R., Ball, S. & Gold, A. (1992) Reforming Education and Changing Schools: Case studies in policy sociology. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Butt, S., Goddard, K., La Valle, I. & Hill, M. (2007) Childcare Nation? Progress on the Childcare Strategy and Priorities for the Future. London: Daycare Trust and National Centre for Social Research. Google Scholar | |
| Cabinet Office (2002) Delivering for Children and Families. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO). http://dera.ioe.ac.uk/8814/2/su%20children.pdf Google Scholar | |
| Calman, L. & Tarr-Whelan, L. (2005) Early Childhood Education for All: A wise investment. New York: Legal Momentum. Google Scholar | |
| Cameron, C. (2001) Promise or Problem? A Review of the Literature of Men Working in Early Childhood Services, Gender Work and Organization, 4(8), 430–453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0432.00140 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Cameron, C. (2006) Men in the Nursery Revisited: Issues of gender and professionalism, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 7(1), 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2006.7.1.68 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Cameron, C. & Moss, P. (1998) Men as Carers for Young Children: An introduction, in Owen, C., Cameron, C. & Moss, P. (Eds) Men as Workers in Services for Young Children: Issues of a mixed gender workforce. London: Institute of Education. Google Scholar | |
| Campbell-Barr, V. (2009) Care and Business Orientations in the Delivery of Childcare: An exploratory study, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 7, 76–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X08098355 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Campbell-Barr, V. (2010) The Research, Policy and Practice Triangle in Early Childhood Education and Care, in Parker-Rees, R., Leeson, C., Willan, J. & Savage, J. (Eds) Early Childhood Studies: An introduction to the study of children's lives and worlds. Exeter: Learning Matters. Google Scholar | |
| Campbell-Barr, V. & Garnham, A. (2010) What Parents Want — Parents and childcare: A literature review. Manchester: Equality and Human Rights Commission. http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/uploaded_files/research/childcare_what_parents_want.pdf Google Scholar | |
| Campbell-Barr, V., Lavelle, M. & Wickett, K. (2012) Exploring Alternative Approaches to Child Outcome Assessments in Children's Centres, Early Child Development and Care, 182(7), 859–874. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.590937 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Case, P., Case, S. & Catling, S. (2000) Please Show You're Working: A critical assessment of the impact of OFSTED inspection on primary teachers, British Journal of Sociology of Education, 21(4), 605–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713655370 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Clarke, J., Smith, N. & Vidler, E. (2005) Consumerism and the Reform of Public Services: Inequalities and instabilities, Social Policy Review, 12, 167–182. Google Scholar | |
| Cohen, B., Moss, P., Petrie, P. & Wallace, J. (2004) A New Deal for Children? Re-forming Education and Care in England, Scotland and Sweden. Bristol: Policy Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Dahlberg, G. & Moss, P. (2005) Ethics and Politics in Early Childhood Education and Care. Abingdon: RoutledgeFalmer. Google Scholar | |
| Dahlberg, G., Moss, P. & Pence, A. (1999) Beyond Quality in Early Childhood Education and Care: Postmodern perspective. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Department for Education (DfE) (2013) More Great Childcare. London: Crown Copy Right. Google Scholar | |
| Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (1998) Meeting the Childcare Challenge: A consultation document. London: Crown Copyright. Google Scholar | |
| Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (2006) Women's Business Ownership: Recent research and policy developments. London: Crown Copyright. Google Scholar | |
| Foucault, M. (1991) Discipline and Punish: The birth of the prison. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
| Gabriel, N.R. (2010) ‘Adults’ Concepts of Childhood', in Parker-Rees, R., Leeson, C., Savage, J., Willan, J. (Eds) Early Childhood Studies: An introduction to the study of children's worlds and children's lives, pp. 137–151. Exeter: Learning Matters. Google Scholar | |
| Gaunt, C. (2013) More Great Childcare: Sector overwhelmingly oppose ratio changes. Nursery World, January 29. http://www.nurseryworld.co.uk/news/1168740/More-Great-Childcare-Sector-overwhelmingly-opposes-ratio-changes/ Google Scholar | |
| Goodfellow, J. (2005) Market Childcare: Preliminary considerations of a ‘property view’ of the child, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 6(1), 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2005.6.1.9 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Hardgrove, A., Enenajor, A. & Lee, A. (2011) Risk and Childhood Poverty: Notes from theory and research. Oxford: Young Lives. http://www.younglives.org.uk/files/technical-notes/tn22_risk-and-childhood-poverty_nov2011 Google Scholar | |
| Harries, T., La Valle, I. & Dickens, S. (2004) Childcare: How local markets respond to national initiatives. London: Department for Education and Skills. Google Scholar | |
| Held, V. (2002) Care and the Extension of Markets, Hypatia, 17(2), 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.2002.tb00763.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Hendrick, H. (1997) Constructions and Reconstruction of British Childhood: An interpretive survey, 1800 to the present, in James, A. & Prout, A. (Eds) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood, pp. 34–62. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Google Scholar | |
| Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) (2004) Choice for Parents, the Best Start for Children: A ten year strategy for childcare. London: HMSO. Google Scholar | |
| James, A. & Prout, A. (Eds) (1997) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood. London: RoutledgeFalmer. Google Scholar | |
| Kehily, M.J. (2004) Understanding Childhood: An introduction to some key themes and issues, in Kehily, M.J. (Ed.) An Introduction to Childhood Studies. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Laing & Buisson (2010) Children's Nurseries: UK market report 2010. 9th edn. London: Laing & Buisson. Google Scholar | |
| Lloyd, E. (2008) The Interface between Childcare, Family Support and Child Poverty Strategies under New Labour: Tensions and contradictions, Social Policy and Society, 7(4), 479–494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1474746408004442 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Lloyd, E. (2012) Childcare Markets: An introduction, in Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (Eds) Childcare Markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429339.003.0001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (2010) Why Do Childcare Markets Fail?, Public Policy Research, 17(1), 42–48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (2012) Childcare Markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429339.001.0001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| McGillivray, G. (2008) Nannies, Nursery Nurses and Early Years Professionals: Constructions of professional identity in the early years workforce in England, European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 16(2), 242–254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13502930802141659 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Melhuish, E. (2004) A Literature Review of the Impact of Early Years Provision on Young Children, with Emphasis Given to Children from Disadvantaged Backgrounds. London: National Audit Office. Google Scholar | |
| Mitchell, L. (2010) Constructions of Childhood in Early Childhood Education Policy Debate in New Zealand, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 11(4), 328–341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2010.11.4.328 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Moss, P. (2006) ‘Farwell to Childcare?’, National Institute Economic Review, 195, 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950106064040 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Moss, P. & Petrie, P. (1997) Children's Services: Time for a new approach. London: Institute of Education, University of London. Google Scholar | |
| Moss, P. & Petrie, P. (2005) From Children's Services to Children's Spaces: Public policy, children and childhood. Kindle edn. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| National Archives (2006) Childcare Act 2006. London: National Archives. Google Scholar | |
| National Audit Office (2011) A Summary of the NAO's Work on the Department for Education 2010–11. London: National Audit Office. Google Scholar | |
| Network of Experts in Social Sciences of Education and Training (NESSE) (2009) Early Childhood Education and Care: Key lessons for policy makers. NESSE. http://www.nesse.fr/nesse/activities/reports Google Scholar | |
| Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2006) Starting Strong II: Early childhood education and care. Paris: OECD. Google Scholar | |
| Osgood, J. (2003) Developing the Business Skills of Childcare Professionals: An evaluation of business support programmes. London: Department for Education and Skills. Google Scholar | |
| Osgood, J. (2004) Time to Get Down to Business? The Responses of Early Years Practitioners to Entrepreneurial Approaches to Professionalism, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 2(1), 5–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X0421001 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Osgood, J. (2006) Professionalism and Performativity: The feminist challenge facing early years practitioners, Early Years, 26 (2), 187–199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575140600759997 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Osgood, J. (2010) Reconstructing Professionalism in ECEC: The case for the critically reflective emotional professional, Early Years, 30(2), 119–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575146.2010.490905 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Owen, C. (2003) Men in the Nursery, in Brannen, J. J. & Moss, P. (Eds) Rethinking Children's Care. Buckingham: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Penn, H. (2007) Childcare Market Management: How the United Kingdom government has reshaped its role in developing early childhood education and care, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 8(3), 192–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2007.8.3.192 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Penn, H. (2011) Quality in Early Childhood Services: An international perspective. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Penn, H. (2012) Childcare Markets: Do they work?, in Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (Eds) Childcare Markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429339.003.0002 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Penn, H. & McQuail, S. (1997) Childcare as a Gendered Occupation, Department for Education and Employment Research Briefs, Research Report No. 23. London: HMSO. Google Scholar | |
| Perren, L. & Jennings, P. (2005) Government Discourses on Entrepreneurship: Issues of legitimization, subjugation, and power, Entrepreneurship, 29(2), 173–184. http://ssrn.com/abstract=1503273 Google Scholar | Abstract | |
| Peters, M., Carpenter, H., Norden, H., Todd, L. & Cumming, C. (2009) Extended Schools Subsidy Pathfinder Evaluation: Research report DCSF-RR132. London: Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). Google Scholar | |
| Phillips, R., Norden, O., McGinigal, S., Oseman, D. & Colemen, N. (2010) Childcare and Early Years Providers Survey 2009. London: Department for Education (DfE) & British Market Research Bureau (BMRB). Google Scholar | |
| Plantenga, J. (2012) Local Providers and Loyal Parents: Competition and consumer choice in the Dutch childcare market, in Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (Eds) Childcare Markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429339.003.0004 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Powell, M. (2007) The Mixed Economy of Welfare and the Social Division of Welfare, in Powell, M. (Ed.) Understanding the Mixed Economy of Welfare. Bristol: Policy Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Randall, V. (2000) The Politics of Child Daycare in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Rolfe, H., Metcalf, H., Anderson, T. & Meadows, P. (2003) Recruitment and Retention of Childcare, Early Years and Play Workers: Research study. London: National Institute of Economic and Social Research. http://www.niesr.ac.uk/pubs/child.pdf (accessed July 2003). Google Scholar | |
| Senior, A. (2013) Keep the State Out of Childcare. We Need More Choice. The Times, January 30. http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/thunderer/article3672195.ece Google Scholar | |
| Smedley, S. (1998) Men Working with Young Children: A natural development?, in Owen, C., Cameron, C. & Moss, P. (Eds) Men as Workers in Services for Young Children: Issues of a mixed gender workforce. London: Institute of Education. Google Scholar | |
| Smith, R., Coxon, K., Sigala, M., Sylva, K., Mathers, S., Smith, G. (2007) National Evaluation of the Neighbourhood Nurseries Initiative: Integrated report, Research Report SSU/2007/FR024. Nottingham: Department for Education and Skills (DfES). Google Scholar | |
| Stephen, C. (2006) Early Years Education: Perspectives from a review of the international literature. Edinburgh: Scottish Executive.https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/3209/1/full%20review.pdf (accessed September 16, 2011). Google Scholar | |
| Stewart, J. (2007) The Mixed Economy of Welfare in Historical Context, in Powell, M. (Ed.) Understanding the Mixed Economy of Welfare. Bristol: Policy Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Stewart, H. (2013) Lizz Truss Childcare Plan Will Lead to Tears Long Before Bedtime. The Guardian, February 3. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2013/feb/03/childcare-too-important-for-free-market Google Scholar | |
| Sumsion, J. (2006) The Corporatization of Australian Childcare: Towards an ethical audit and research agenda, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 4(2), 99–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X06063531 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Sylva, K., Melhuish, E., Sammons, P., Siraj-Blatchford, I. & Taggart, B. (2004) The Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project: Final report. Sure Start Research Report, SSU/FR/2004/01. Nottingham: Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF). Google Scholar | |
| Vandenbroeck, M., Coussee, F. & Bradt, L. (2010) The Social and Political Construction of Early Childhood Education, British Journal of Educational Studies, 58(2), 139–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071001003752237 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| White, L.A. (2011) The Internationalization of Early Childhood Education and Care Issues: Framing gender justice and child well-being, Governance, 24(2), 285–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2011.01520.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Whittingham, V. (1994) Daycare and Nursery Education as a Business: The private sector — An overview, working together for young children. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Woodrow, C. & Press, F. (2007) (Re)Positioning the Child in the Policy/Politics of Early Childhood, Educational Philosophy and Theory, 39(3), 312–325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2007.00328.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Yuen, G. (2012) Tinkering with Early Childhood Education and Care: Early education vouchers in Hong Kong, in Lloyd, E. & Penn, H. (Eds) Childcare Markets: Can they deliver an equitable service? Bristol: Policy Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781847429339.003.0005 Google Scholar | Crossref |

