Abstract
This article calls into question the idyllic picture of Norwegian kindergartens where harmonious and joyful interaction is the preferred and normal way to participate. If taking children's right to democratic participation and freedom of expression seriously, anger can also be seen as a legitimate way of participating. Conflicts of interest, contradictory perspectives and children's resistance to adjusting to settled conventions are understood as important aspects of democratic participation. Episodes from fieldwork indicate that children who communicate what they regard as disrespect or injustice through anger are more often considered to be aggressive children who need to modify their emotions than communicators presenting an important message. This response to anger can be seen as a limiting condition for children's democratic participation. Children in kindergarten get angry and so interrupt this understanding of how children are supposed to interact and participate. In relations among children, however, anger seems to be more accepted. Nevertheless, anger appears to present both a temporary threat to friendship and the possibility of being heard.
| Åm, E. (1989) På jakt etter barneperspektivet. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Google Scholar | |
| Bae, B. (2009) Children's Right to Participate - challenges in everyday interactions, European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 17(3), 391–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13502930903101594 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Biesta, G. (2006) Beyond Learning: democratic education for a human future. Boulder, CO: Paradigm. Google Scholar | |
| Biesta, G. (2010) Good Education in an Age of Measurement: ethics, politics, democracy. Boulder, CO: Paradigm. Google Scholar | |
| Biesta, G. (2011) The Ignorant Citizen: Mouffe, Rancière, and the subject of democratic education, Studies in Philosophy and Education, 30(2), 141–153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217–011–9220–4 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
| http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11217–011–9220–4 Google Scholar | |
| Biesta, G. & Lawy, R. (2006) From Teaching Citizenship to Learning Democracy: Overcoming individualism in research, policy and practice, Cambridge Journal of Education, 36(1), 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057640500490981 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Blank, J. & Schneider, J.J. (2011) Use Your Words: Reconsidering the language of conflict in the early years, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 12(3), 198–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2011.12.3.198 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Børhaug, K. (2010) Medverknad for born i barnehagen - meir påverknad? Tidsskriftet, FoU i praksis, 4(2), 9–23. Google Scholar | |
| Cohen, C. (1971) Democracy. Athens: University of Georgia Press. Google Scholar | |
| Corsaro, W.A. (2003) We're Friends, Right?: inside kids' culture. Washington, DC: Joseph Henry. Google Scholar | |
| Corsaro, W.A. (2009) Peer Culture, in Qvortrup, J., Corsaro, W.A. & Honig, M.-S. (Eds) The Palgrave Handbook of Childhood Studies, pp. 301–315. London: Palgrave. Google Scholar | |
| Denzin, N.K. & Lincoln, Y.S. (2008) Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Los Angeles: Sage. Google Scholar | |
| Frønes, I. (2006) De likeverdige: om sosialisering og de jevnaldrendes betydning. Oslo: Gyldendal akademisk. Google Scholar | |
| Grindheim, L.T. (2011) Barnefellesskap som demokratisk danningsarena. Kva kan gje høve til medverknad i leik i barnehagen?, Nordisk Barnehageforskning, 4(2), 91–102. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Grindland, B. (2011) Uenighet som demokratisk praksis i måltidsfellesskapet på småbarnsavdeling, Nordisk Barnehageforskning, 4(2), 75–90. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Hammersley, M. & Atkinson, P. (2007) Ethnography: principles in practice. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Jansen, K.E. & Fennefoss, A.T. (2012) Dynamikk og vilkår. Et spenningsfelt mellom det planlagte og barns medvirkning i barnehagens læringsaktiviteter, in Bae, B. (Ed.) Medvirkning i barnehagen: potensiale i det uforutsette, pp. 123–142. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Google Scholar | |
| Jenks, C. (2005) Childhood. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Kjørholt, A.T. (2010) Barnehagen som lekegrind for autonomi og valgfrihet?, in Kjørholt, A.T. (Ed.) Barn som samfunnsborgere: til barnets beste?, pp. 152–171. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Google Scholar | |
| Koch, A.B. (2012) Idealet om det glade og afstemte barn - Pædagogers blik for trivsel i børnehaven, Nordisk Barnehageforskning, 5(2), 1–26. Google Scholar | |
| Löfdahl, A. (2006) Grounds for Values and Attitudes: Children's play and peer-cultures in preschool, Journal of Early Childhood Research, 4(1), 77–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476718X06059791 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Løkken, G. (1996) Når små barn møtes: om de yngste barnas gruppefellesskap i barnehagen. Oslo: Cappelen akademisk. Google Scholar | |
| Ministry of Children and Family Affairs (1997) Framework Plan for Kindergartens Q-0903 B. Oslo: Akademika As. Google Scholar | |
| Ministry of Education and Research (2011) Framework Plan for the Content and Tasks of Kindergarten. Oslo: Ministry of Education and Research. Google Scholar | |
| Nilsen, R.D. (2005) Searching for Analytical Concepts in the Research Process: Learning from children, International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(2), 117–135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000260636 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Ødegaard, E.E. (2006) What's Worth Talking About? Meaning-making in Toddler-initiated Co-narratives in Preschool, Early Years, 26(1), 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09575140500507892 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Ødegaard, E.E. (2007) Meningsskaping i barnehagen. Innhold og bruk av barns voksnes samtalefortellinger. PhD thesis, Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, Göteborg. Google Scholar | |
| Ødegaard, Elin Eriksen (2012) Piracy in Policy: Children influencing early childhood policy in Norway, in Papatheodorou, T. (Ed.) Debates on Early Childhood Policies and Practices - global snapshots of pedagogical thinking and encounters, pp. 27–37. Abingdon: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Østrem, S. (2012) Barnet som subjekt: etikk, demokrati og pedagogisk ansvar. Oslo: Cappelen Damm akademisk. Google Scholar | |
| Østrem, S, Bjar, H, Føsker, L.I.R. (2009) Alle teller mer: en evaluering av hvordan Rammeplan for barnehagens innhold og oppgaver blir innført, brukt og erfart. Tønsberg: Høgskolen i Vestfold. Google Scholar | |
| United Nations (1989) The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Geneva: United Nations. Google Scholar | |
| Pettersvold, M. & Østrem, S. (2012) Mestrer, mestrer ikke: jakten på det normale barnet. Siggerud: Res publica. Google Scholar | |
| Skånfors, L. (2010) Tokens, Peer Context and Mobility in Preschool Children's Positioning Work, Nordisk Barnehageforskning, 3(2), 41–52. Google Scholar | |
| Søbstad, F. (2004) Mot stadig nye mål … Tredje rapport fra prosjektet ‘Den norske barnehagekvaliteten’. Trondheim: DMMH. Google Scholar | |
| Søbstad, F. (2006) Glede og humor i barnehagen. Oslo: Cappelen akademisk forlag. Google Scholar | |
| Sorin, R. (2001) Responding to the Fears of Early Childhood - an investigation of perception and practice in emotion education. PhD thesis, University of Wollongong. Google Scholar | |
| Sorin, R. (2003) Validating Young Children's Feelings and Experiences of Fear, Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood, 4(1), 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/ciec.2003.4.1.8 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Wenger, E. (1998) Communities of Practice: learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511803932 Google Scholar | Crossref |

