Validity and Reliability of Spanish Versions of the Ruminative Responses Scale-Short Form and the Distraction Responses Scale in a Sample of Spanish High School and College Students
Abstract
This study investigated the construct validity and reliability of the Spanish Ruminative Responses Scale-Short From, and the Distraction Responses Scale of the Response Styles Questionnaire for a sample of 727 Spanish high school and college students who responded anonymously and voluntarily to a questionnaire (293 men, 434 women; ages 16 to 29 years, M = 18.8, SD = 3.0). In addition to the above scales, the questionnaire included the Spanish forms of the Beck Depression Inventory, the Trait Anxiety Scale from the State–Trait Anxiety Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Subjective Happiness Scale. The internal consistency of the scales was satisfactory (Cronbach α = .86 for the Ruminative Responses Scale and .78 for the Distraction Responses Scale). As expected, scores on the Spanish Ruminative Responses Scale showed positive correlations with those on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Trait Anxiety Scale and negative associations with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Conversely, the Spanish Distraction Responses Scale was negatively correlated with the Beck Depression Inventory and positively associated with the Satisfaction with Life Scale and the Subjective Happiness Scale. These results provide evidence of appropriate reliability for research purposes. Furthermore, the correlational analysis supported prior findings that ruminative response and distraction response styles are differentially associated with reported depressed and positive moods.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
Abela J. R. Z., Vanderbilt E., Rochon A. (2004) A test of the integration of the response styles and social support theories of depression in third and seventh grade children. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 23, 653–674.
Abramson L. Y., Metalsky G. L., Alloy L. B. (1989) Hopelessness and depression: A theory-based subtype of depression. Psychological Review, 96, 358–372.
Atienza F., Balaguer I., García-Merita M. (2003) Satisfaction With Life Scale: Analysis of factorial invariance across sexes. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 1255–1260.
Beck A. T. (1983) Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives. In Clayton P. J., Barrett J. E. (Eds.), Treatment of depression: Old controversies and new approaches. New York: Raven. Pp. 265–290.
Beck A. T., Rush A. J., Shaw B. F., Emery G. (1979) Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.
Beck A. T., Steer R. A. (1987) Manual for the revised Beck Depression Inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corp.
Butler L. D., Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1994) Gender differences in responses to a depressed mood in a college sample. Sex Roles, 30, 331–346.
Chang E. C. (2004) Distinguishing between ruminative and distractive responses in dysphoric college students: Does indication of past depression make a difference? Personality and Individual Differences, 36, 845–855.
Cox B. J., Enns M. W., Taylor S. (2001) The effect of rumination as a mediator of elevated anxiety sensitivity in major depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 525–534.
Diener E., Emmons R. A., Larsen R. J., Griffin S. (1985) The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75.
Endler N. S., Macrodimitris S. D., Kocovski N. L. (2000) Depression: The complexity of self-report measures. Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research, 5, 26–46.
Endler N. S., Rutherford A., Denisoff E. (1999) Beck Depression Inventory: Exploring its multidimensionality. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 1307–1312.
Extremera N., Fernández-Berrocal P. (in preparation) Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of Subjective Happiness Scale in high school and college students.
Fresco D. M., Frankel A., Mennin D. S., Turk C. L., Heimberg R. G. (2002) Distinct and overlapping features of rumination and worry: The relationship of cognitive production to negative affective states. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 179–188.
Joiner T. E. Jr. (2001) Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression, and endogenous depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 139–149.
Locke K. D., Keltner D. (1993) Using art for comparison and distraction: Effects on negative emotions and judgements of satisfaction. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 443–460.
Lyubomirsky S., Lepper H. (1999) A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicators Research, 46, 137–155.
Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1987) Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259–282.
Nolen-Hoeksema S. (1991) Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 569–582.
Nolen-Hoeksema S. (2000) The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504–511.
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Davis C. G. (1999) “Thanks for sharing that”: Ruminators and their social support networks. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 801–814.
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Girgus J. S. (1994) The emergence of gender differences in depression in adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424–443.
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Morrow J. (1991) A prospective study of depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms after a natural disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 115–121.
Nolen-Hoeksema S., Morrow J. (1993) Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion, 7, 561–570.
Sanz J., Vásquez C. (1998) Fiabilidad, validez y datos normativos del inventario para la depresion de Beck. Psicothema, 10, 303–318.
Schwartz J. A. J., Koenig L. J. (1996) Response styles and negative affect among adolescents. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 13–36.
Smith A. L., Weissman M. M. (1992) Epidemiology. In Paykel E. S. (Ed.), Handbook of affective disorders. (2nd ed.) New York: Guilford. Pp. 111–129.
Spielberger C. D., Gorsuch R. L., Lushene R. E. (1970) S.T.A.I. Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Self-evaluation Questionnaire). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spielberger C. D., Gorsuch R. L., Lushene R. E. (1994) Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo. (4th ed.) Madrid: TEA.
Strauss J., Muday T., McNall K., Wong M. (1997) Response Style Theory revisited: Gender differences and stereotypes in rumination and distraction. Sex Roles, 36, 771–792.
Trask P. C., Sigmon S. T. (1999) Ruminating and distracting: The effects of sequential tasks on depressed mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 231–246.
Vickers K. S., Vogeltanz-Holm N. D. (2003) The effects of rumination and distraction tasks on psychophysiological responses and mood in dysphoric and nondysphoric individuals. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 331–348.
Williams F., Fernández-Berrocal P., Extremera N., Ramos N., Joiner T. E. (2004) Mood regulation skill and the symptoms of endogenous and hopelessness depression. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 233–240.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published: February 2006
Issue published: February 2006
PubMed: 16673966
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Article usage*
Total views and downloads: 356
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 28 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 26
- Factors that contribute to trait mindfulness level among hospitalized ...
- Relationship between differentiation of self, emotional intelligence a...
- Relaciones entre atención, claridad y reparación emocional con respues...
- Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Anxiety, and Depression Symptoms After ...
- Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS)
- Ruminative Response Scale (RRS)
- Protocol for a randomised controlled trial evaluating the effectivenes...
- Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Version of the 10-Item Ruminati...
- Psychometric validation of the PTSD Checklist-5 among female Filipino ...
- Cognitive behavioral treatment for depressed adolescents: results from...
- Ruminating in English, Ruminating in Spanish
- Validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Chilean older people
- Trait Emotional Intelligence as a Predictor of Adaptive Responses to P...
- Is the widely used two‐factor structure of the Ruminative Responses Sc...
- Pain and Alcohol Use among Latinos in Primary Care: Examining Ruminati...
- Psychometric Properties of the Spanish Short Depressive Rumination Sca...
- Psychometric properties of the 10-item ruminative response scale in Ch...
- Latent Growth Curve Analysis of Gender Differences in Response Styles ...
- Interactive Effect of Negative Affectivity and Rumination in Terms of ...
- Rumination in Adolescence: the Distinctive Impact of Brooding and Refl...
- Age and Gender Differences in Emotion Regulation Strategies: Autobiogr...
- Charting the internal landscape: Affect associated with thoughts about...
- Specificity of Rumination in Anxiety and Depression: A Multimodal Meta...
- A meta‐mood model of rumination and depression: Preliminary test in a ...
- Validation of the Korean-Ruminative Response Scale(K-RRS)
- Beyond self-report in the study of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: ...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
