Finite Element-Based Seepage Design Charts for Sheet Piles Penetrating Heterogeneous Media

Seepage and exit-gradient quantities due to flow around sheet piles embedded in geological strata are of great significance to geotechnical bridge foundation engineers because these quantities play an essential part in producing an overall economical and efficient design. In this research study, an effective and accurate method for obtaining seepage and exit-gradient estimates under similar hydraulic structures was developed. To achieve this objective, the finite element method was successfully implemented for providing seepage and exit-gradient estimates under single sheet piles penetrating heterogeneous media. The data obtained from the numerical model were compiled and plotted to form different sets of design charts. These charts could be used efficiently for obtaining seepage and exit-gradient estimates under the aforementioned hydraulic structure. The results obtained from the finite element model were compared and verified against existing relevant mathematical approximation and other techniques. Designers and practitioners in the geotechnical bridge engineering fields would greatly benefit from these charts because of their simple yet accurate estimates. Moreover, the applicability of the developed design charts was demonstrated through solution of various design problems.