Low-Temperature Fracture Testing of Asphalt Binders: Regular and Modified Systems
Abstract
The results of low-temperature fracture testing of a large number of both regular and modified asphalt binders are discussed. Two Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP) binders (Materials Reference Library Codes AAG-2 and AAN) were evaluated with 5 percent by weight of a variety of commonly used polymer modifiers. Specimens of three different sizes were tested in a three-point bend configuration, both with and without a notch. The original SHRP effort was aware of the need for a rigorous fracture mechanics-type binder test, but because of a lack of time and resources, only the bending beam rheometer and the direct tension test were ultimately developed. Some of the differences between failure strain and fracture toughness measurements are discussed, as well as how these differences may relate to pavement performance. The results of this study demonstrate that there is a large range of notch sensitivities and fracture energies for different polymer-modified binders, suggesting that the ductile-to-brittle transition (as measured with the direct tension test) may not be a totally reliable performance indicator. Fracture energy may be a better choice, since it combines the notched strength with a stiffness to yield a true material property that is independent of sample size and configuration.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. Anderson D. A. Superpave Binder Tests and Specification. In Workshop Briefing, Performance Related Properties for Bituminous Binders. Eurobitume Workshop, Luxembourg, May 1999.
2. Deme I. Prevention of Pavement Cracking and Rutting with Multigrade-Type Bitumens. In Proc., 31st Annual Congress of the Association Quebecoise du Transport et des Routes, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, March 1996.
3. Anderson K. O., Christison J. T., Bai B. Q., Johnston C. D., Quinn T., and McCullough D. Temperature and Thermal Contraction Measurements as Related to the Development of Low-Temperature Cracking on the Lamont Test Road. Proc., Canadian Technical Asphalt Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 1998, pp. 16–47.
4. Joseph P., and Hesp S. A. M. Use of Fracture Energy in Performance-Based Specifications of Asphalt Binders. Proc., Canadian Technical Asphalt Association Annual Meeting, Ottawa, 1996, pp. 127–144.
5. Button J. W., and Hastings C. P. How Well Can New Binder Tests Predict Cracking? Proc., Canadian Technical Asphalt Association Annual Meeting, Vancouver, 1998, pp. 48–72.
6. Bonnot J. Module 2 on Low-Temperature Cracking. In Workshop Briefing, Performance Related Properties for Bituminous Binders, Eurobitume Workshop, Luxembourg, May 1999.
7. Anderson R. M., Walker D. E., and Turner P. A. Low-Temperature Evaluation of Kentucky Performance-Graded 70-22 Asphalt Binders. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1661, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 69–74.
8. Planche J.-P., Lesueur D., Hines M. L., and King G. N. Evaluation of Elastomer Modified Bitumens Using SHRP Binder Specifications. In Proc., Eurasphalt and Eurobitume Congress, Strasbourg, France, May 1996.
9. Hesp S. A. M., Terlouw T., and Vonk W. C. Low-Temperature Performance of SBS-Modified Asphalt Mixes. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 69, 2000 (in press).
10. Anderson D. A., Christensen D. W., Bahia H. U., Dongre R., Sharma M. G., Antle C. E., and Button J. Binder Characterization and Evaluation. Volume 3: Physical Characterization. SHRP-A-369. Final Report, Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., April 1994.
11. Kluttz R. Q., and Dongre R. Effect of SBS Polymer Modification on the Low-Temperature Cracking of Asphalt Pavements. In Asphalt Science and Technology (Usmani A.M., ed.), Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1997, pp. 217–233.
12. Lee N. K. Low-Temperature Toughening Mechanisms in Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Binders. M.S. thesis. Department of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada, 1994.
13. Lee N. K., and Hesp S. A. M. Low-Temperature Fracture Toughness of Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Binders. In Transportation Research Record 1436, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 54–59.
14. Lee N. K., Morrison G. R., and Hesp S. A. M. Low-Temperature Fracture of Polyethylene-Modified Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Concrete Mixes. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 64, 1995, pp. 534–574.
15. Lytton R. L., Uzan J., Fernando E. G., Roque R., Hiltunen D., and Stoffels S. M. Development and Validation of Performance Prediction Models and Specifications for Asphalt Binders and Paving Mixes. Report SHRP-A-357. Strategic Highway Research Program, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., Oct. 1993.
16. Griffith A. A. Phenomena of Rupture and Flow in Solids. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Vol. 221A, No. 4, 1920, pp. 163–198.
17. Evans A. G. The Strength of Brittle Materials with a Second-Phase Dispersion. Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 26, 1972, pp. 1327–1344.
18. Garcés Rodríguez M., Morrison G. R., vanLoon J. R., and Hesp S. A. M. Low-Temperature Failure in Particulate-Filled Asphalt Binders and Asphalt Concrete Mixes. Journal of the Association of Asphalt Paving Technologists, Vol. 65, 1996, pp. 159–192.
19. Paris P. C., and Erdogan F. A Critical Analysis of Crack Propagation Laws. Journal of Basic Engineering, Series D, Vol. 85, No. 3, 1963.
20. Schapery R. A. A Theory of Crack Growth in Viscoelastic Media. Report 2, MM 2764-73-1. Mechanics and Materials Research Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, 1973.
21. Little D. N., and Mahboub K. Engineering Properties of First Generation Plasticized Sulfur Binders and Low-Temperature Fracture Evaluation of Plasticized Sulfur Paving Mixtures. In Transportation Research Record 1034, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1985, pp. 103–111.
22. Champion L., Gerard J.-F., Planche J.-P., Martin D., and Anderson D. A. Evaluation of the Low-Temperature Fracture Properties of Modified Binders: Relationship with Their Micromorphology. In Workshop Briefing, Performance Related Properties for Bituminous Binders, Eurobitume Workshop, Luxembourg, May 1999.
23. Champion L., Gerard J.-F., Planche J.-P., Martin D., and Anderson D. A. Relationship between Low-Temperature Fracture Properties of Polymer Modified Binders and Their Morphology. Presented at International Workshop on Modified Bitumens, World Road Association (PIARC), Rome, June 17–19, 1998.
24. Williams J. G. Stress Analysis of Polymers, 2nd ed. Ellis Horwood Ltd., West Sussex, England, 1980.
25. Bahia H. U., Zhai H., and Turner P. Critical Properties of Modified Binders: Summary of Results from NCHRP 9-10 Project. Presented at the 78th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 1999.
26. Bardesi A., Brule B., Corte J.-F., Diani E., Gerritsen A., Lefevre G., Planche J.-P., Sybilski D., Stawiarski A., Verhee F., and Watkins S. Use of Modified Bituminous Binders, Special Bitumens and Bitumens with Additives in Pavement Applications. Technical Committee Flexible Roads (C8), World Road Association (PIARC), 1999.
27. Vonk W. C., and Bull A. L. Phase Phenomena and Concentration Effects in Blends of SBS Block Copolymers and Bitumen. In Proc., VIIth International Roofing Congress, Munich, Germany, May 1989.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published: January 2000
Issue published: January 2000
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 136
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 82
- A Method for Conditioning the Asphalt Mixtures
- Evaluation and modelling of low-temperature fracture properties of asp...
- Evaluation of long-term fracture behavior of amorphous poly alpha olef...
- Erosion mechanism of sea salt solution on the performance of SBS-modif...
- Low and intermediate temperatures fracture behavior of amorphous poly ...
- Effect of PAN fiber with bionic layered surface structure generated in...
- Impact and stretching standardized tests as useful tools for assessmen...
- Evaluating the fracture behaviour of modified asphalt concrete composi...
- Investigation of cracking mechanisms in rubber-modified asphalt throug...
- Chemical and physical effects of polyurethane-precursor-based reactive...
- Research on fracture performance test and physical hardening tendency ...
- Review of the Superpave performance grading system and recent developm...
- Correlation between rheological tests on bitumen and asphalt low tempe...
- Relationship between low-temperature KIc and KIIc values of bitumen wi...
- In-Situ Generation of Functionlized Pan Fibers with Fish Scale-Like an...
- New innovations in pavement materials and engineering: A review on pav...
- Durability Phenomena of Bitumen and Bituminous Pavement Materials
- Use of Polyurethane Precursor–Based Modifier as an Eco-Friendly Approa...
- Study on the Aging Resistance of Polyurethane Precursor Modified Bitum...
- Impact of the asphalt binder rheological behavior on the value of the ...
- Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear testing for the performance grading ...
- Cracking Analysis of Asphalt Mixture Using Semi-circle Bending Method
- Determining Fracture Energy in Asphalt Mixture: A Review
- Application of viscoelasticity for experimental tests
- Mixed mode (I/II) fracture energy of cement emulsified asphalt mortar ...
- Variable-temperature Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of ...
- Low temperature performance characteristics of polyethylene modified a...
- Effect of bitumen type, temperature and aging on mixed I/II fracture t...
- Influence of thermal history on the intermediate and low-temperature r...
- The macro-and meso-cracking characteristics of warm mix crumb rubber a...
- Low Temperature Nanoindentation: Development and Applications
- Using combined Avrami-Ozawa method to evaluate low-temperature reversi...
- Effect of Silicone Oil on Dispersion and Low-Temperature Fracture Perf...
- Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Recycled Asphalt Shingles on ...
- Aging effect on combined mode fracture resistance of bitumen
- Low-Temperature Reversible Aging Properties of Selected Asphalt Binder...
- Low temperature fracture toughness study for bitumen under mixed mode ...
- Application of dispersant to slow down physical hardening process in a...
- Bitumo įtempių relaksacijos modulio taikymas asfalto dangų atsparumui ...
- Damage characteristics of waste engine oil bottom rejuvenated asphalt ...
- Mixed mode tensile – In plane shear fracture energy determination for ...
- Review of experimental characterisation and modelling of asphalt binde...
- Experimental and numerical investigation of low-temperature performanc...
- Fracture toughness determination of modified HMA mixtures with two nov...
- Fracture Tolerance of Asphalt Binder at Intermediate Temperatures
- Implementation of nondestructive testing and mechanical performance ap...
- Viscoelastic-based approach to evaluate low temperature performance of...
- Homothetic behaviour investigation on fracture toughness of asphalt mi...
- Study of the thermal stress development of asphalt mixtures using the ...
- Organic polymer materials in the space environment
- Fracture toughness evaluation of bituminous binders at low temperature...
- Performance evaluation of alternative polymer-modified asphalt binders
- Impacts of lubricating oils on rheology and chemical compatibility of ...
- Response of the microstructure of bitumen upon stress–damage initiatio...
- Field Validation of a Thermal Cracking Resistance Specification Framew...
- Development of a binder fracture test to determine fracture energy pro...
- Establishing use of asphalt binder cracking tests for prevention of pa...
- Polymer modification of bitumen: Advances and challenges
- Modeling Mode I Cracking Failure in Asphalt Binder by Using Nonconserv...
- Characterization of mode-I and mode-II fracture properties of fine agg...
- Fracture failure of asphalt binder in mixed mode (Modes I and II) by u...
- Toward Development of a New Thermal Cracking Test Using the Dynamic Sh...
- Rate- and Temperature-Dependent Fracture Characteristics of Asphaltic ...
- Fracture Toughness Testing Aspects for Assessing Low Temperature Behav...
- Using Semi Circular Bending Test to Evaluate Low Temperature Fracture ...
- Modelling the quasi-static behaviour of bituminous material using a co...
- Anti-Cracking Ability of Asphalt Mixture Added with Polyester Fiber
- Time–temperature superposition in rheology and ductile failure of asph...
- Asphalt pavement cracking: analysis of extraordinary life cycle variab...
- Comparison of Polyphosphoric Acid-Modified Asphalt Binders with Straig...
- Emerging Methods in Asphalt Binder Rheological Characterization
- Performance grading of the Lamont, Alberta C-SHRP pavement trial binde...
- Compact Tension Testing of Asphalt Binders at Low Temperatures
- Analysis of Premature Low-Temperature Cracking in Three Ontario, Canad...
- Fracture mechanics and asphalt binders
- Essential and Plastic Works of Ductile Fracture in Asphalt Binders
- How Temperature and Loading Rate Affect the Yield Behavior in Polymer-...
- Impact of Different Types of Modification on Low-Temperature Tensile S...
- Effect of Various Aging Techniques on Asphalt Low-Temperature Properti...
- Low-temperature Fracture in Reactive-ethylene-terpolymer-modified Asph...
- Low-Temperature Thermal Cracking of Asphalt Binders as Ranked by Stren...
- Low-Temperature Binder Specification Development: Thermal Stress Restr...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
