Restricted access

Research article

First published online January 1, 2009

Effects of Transportation Accessibility on Residential Property Values: Hedonic Price Model in the Lisbon, Portugal, Metropolitan Area

L. Miguel Martínez [email protected] and José Manuel ViegasView all authors and affiliations

Volume 2115, Issue 1

https://doi.org/10.3141/2115-16

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the availability of transportation infrastructure and services and the pattern of house prices in an urban area and to assess whether public investment in transportation can modify residential property values. This study was developed for the Lisbon, Portugal, metropolitan area (LMA) as part of a broader study that intends to develop new value-capture financing schemes for public transportation in the LMA. The paper focuses on three central municipalities in Portugal (Amadora, Lisbon, and Odivelas), where these effects could be more easily measured because of the existence of a significant variability of public transportation services. The paper tries to determine, with different spatial hedonic pricing models, the extent to which access to transportation infrastructure currently is capitalized into house prices and isolates the influence of three different transportation infrastructures: metro, rail, and road. The results suggest that the proximity to one or two metro lines leads to significant property value changes. Results further indicate that the classic hedonic price model (ordinary least-squares estimation) leads to similar coefficient values of the local accessibility dummy variables compared with the spatial lag model and thus provides a steady basis to forecast the property value changes derived from transportation investment for the study area in the absence of a significant property value database.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

1. Alonso W. Location and Land Use: Towards a General Theory of Land Rent. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.

2. Muth R. F. Cities and Housing: The Spatial Pattern of Urban Residential Land Use. University of Chicago Press, Ill., 1969.

3. Rosen S. Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets—Product Differentiation in Pure Competition. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 82, No. 1, 1974, pp. 34–55.

4. Cervero R., and Duncan M. Transit's Value-Added Effects: Light and Commuter Rail Services on Commercial Land Values. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1805, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 8–15.

5. Bowes D. R., and Ihlanfeldt K. R. Identifying the Impacts of Rail Transit Stations on Residential Property Values. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 50, No. 1, 2001, pp. 1–25.

6. Cervero R., and Duncan M. Neighbourhood Composition and Residential Land Prices: Does Exclusion Raise or Lower Values? Urban Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2004, pp. 299–315.

7. Gatzlaff D. H., and Smith M. T. The Impact of the Miami Metrorail on the Value of Residences near Station Locations. Land Economics, Vol. 69, No. 1, 1993, pp. 54–66.

8. Bollinger C. R., Ihlanfeldt K. R., and Bowes D. R. Spatial Variation in Office Rents Within the Atlanta Region. Urban Studies, Vol. 35 No. 7, 1998, pp. 1097–1118.

9. Armstrong R. J., and Rodriguez D. A. An Evaluation of the Accessibility Benefits of Commuter Rail in Eastern Massachusetts Using Spatial Hedonic Price Functions. Transportation, Vol. 33, No. 1, 2006, pp. 21–43.

10. Weinberger R. R. Light Rail Proximity: Benefit or Detriment in the Case of Santa Clara County, California? In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1747, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 104–113.

11. Cheshire P., and Sheppard S. Capitalised in the Housing Market or How We Pay for Free Schools: The Impact of Supply Constraints and Uncertainty. Proc., Royal Geographical Society Meeting, 2003.

12. Debrezion G., Pels E., and Rietveld P. The Impact of Rail Transport on Real Estate Prices: An Empirical Analysis of the Dutch Housing Market. Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper 2006-031/3. Tinbergen Institute and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2006.

13. Lewis-Workman S., and Brod D. Measuring the Neighborhood Benefits of Rail Transit Accessibility. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1576, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 147–153.

14. Martins C., and Bin O. Estimation of Hedonic Price Functions via Additive Nonparametric Regression. Empirical Economics, Vol. 30, No. 1, 2005, pp. 93–114.

15. Epple D. Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets—Estimating Demand and Supply Functions for Differentiated Products. Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 95, No. 1, 1987, pp. 59–80.

16. Henneberry J. Transport Investment and House Prices. Journal of Property Valuation and Investment, Vol. 16, No. 2, 1998, pp. 144–158.

17. Al-Mosaind M. A., Dueker K. J., and Strathman J. G. Light-Rail Transit Stations and Property Values: A Hedonic Price Approach. In Transportation Research Record 1400, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1993, pp. 90–94.

18. Cervero R., and Duncan M. Benefits of Proximity to Rail on Housing Markets: Experiences in Santa Clara County. Journal of Public Transportation, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2002.

19. Chen H., Rufolo A., and Dueker K. J. Measuring the Impact of Light Rail Systems on Single-Family Home Values: A Hedonic Approach with Geographic Information System Application. In Transportation Research Record 1617, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, pp. 38–43.

20. Kawamura K., and Mahajan S. Hedonic Analysis of Impacts of Traffic Volumes on Property Values. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1924, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 69–75.

21. Cervero R., and Duncan M. Transit's Value-Added Effects. Light and Commuter Rail Services and Commercial Land Values. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1805, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002, pp. 8–15.

22. Haider M., and Miller E. J. Effects of Transportation Infrastructure and Location on Residential Real Estate Values: Application of Spatial Autoregressive Techniques. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1722, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 1–8.

23. Hess D. B., and Almeida T. M. Impact of Proximity to Light Rail Rapid Transit on Station-Area Property Values in Buffalo. Urban Studies, Vol. 44, No. 5 & 6, 2007, pp. 1041–1068.

24. Rodriguez D. A., and Targa F. Value of Accessibility to Bogota's Bus Rapid Transit System. Transport Reviews, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2004, pp. 587–610.

25. Weinberger R. R. Commercial Rents and Transportation Improvements: The Case of Santa Clara County's Light Rail. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., 2001.

26. Bateman I., Day B., Lake I., and Lovett A. The Effect of Road Traffic on Residential Property Values: A Literature Review and Hedonic Pricing Study. Scottish Executive Development Department, Edinburgh, 2001.

27. Bartik T. J. Measuring the Benefits of Amenity Improvements in Hedonic Price Models. Land Economics, Vol. 64, No. 2, 1988, pp. 172–183.

28. Kanemoto Y. Hedonic Prices and the Benefits of Public Projects. Econometrica, Vol. 56, No. 4, 1988, pp. 981–989.

29. Bajic V. The Effects of a New Subway Line on Housing Prices in Metropolitan Toronto. Urban Studies, Vol. 20, No. 2, 1983, pp. 147–158.

30. Forrest D., Glen J., and Ward R. The Impact of a Light Rail System on the Structure of House Prices: A Hedonic Longitudinal Study. Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1996, pp. 15–29.

31. Adair A., McGreal S., Smyth A., Cooper J., and Ryley T. House Prices and Accessibility: The Testing of Relationships Within the Belfast Urban Area. Housing Studies, Vol. 15, No. 5, 2000, pp. 699–716.

32. Munoz-Raskin R. C. Walking Accessibility to Bus Rapid Transit in Latin America: Does It Affect Property Values? Case of Bogotá, Colombia. Presented at 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 2007.

33. Kockelman K. M. Effects of Location Elements on Home Purchase Prices and Rents in San Francisco Bay Area. In Transportation Research Record 1606, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 40–50.

34. Bae C. H. C., Jun M. J., and Park H. The Impact of Seoul's Subway Line 5 on Residential Property Values. Transport Policy, Vol. 10, 2003, pp. 85–94.

35. Shin K., Washington S. P., and Choi K. Effects of Transportation Accessibility on Residential Property Values: Application of Spatial Hedonic Price Model in Seoul, South Korea, Metropolitan Area. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1994, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 66–73.

36. Forkenbrock D. J., Benshoff S., and Weisbrod G. E. NCHRP Web Document No. 31: Assessing the Social and Economic Effects of Transportation Projects. University of Iowa, Iowa City, 2001.

37. Carey J., and Semmens J. Impact of Highways on Property Values: Case Study of Superstition Freeway Corridor. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1839, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 128–135.

38. Coulson N. E., and Engle R. F. Transportation Costs and the Rent Gradient. Journal of Urban Economics, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1987, pp. 287–297.

39. Tse C. Y., and Chan A. W. H. Estimating the Commuting Cost and Commuting Time Property Price Gradients. Regional Science and Urban Economics, Vol. 33, No. 6, 2003, pp. 745–767.

40. Frazier C., and Kockelman K. M. Spatial Econometric Models for Panel Data: Incorporating Spatial and Temporal Data. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1902, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2005, pp. 80–90.

41. Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Inc. The Effect of Rail Transit on Property Values: A Summary of Studies. NEORail II. Cleveland, Ohio, 2001.

42. Hass-Klau C., Crampton G., and Benjari R. Economic Impact of Light Rail: The Results of 15 Urban Areas in France, Germany, UK and North America. Environmental and Transport Planning, Brighton, United Kingdom, 2004.

43. ATISREAL, Geofutures, UCL, and Symonds-Group. Land Value and Public Transport. Stage Two: Testing the Methodology on the Croydon Tramlink. Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, London, 2004.

44. Hack J. Regeneration and Spatial Development: A Review of Research and Current Practice. IBI Group, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2002.

45. Hillier Parker. Crossrail: Property Value Enhancement. Canary Wharf Group Plc., London, 2002.

46. Chesterton. Property Market Study. Prepared for Jubilee Line Extension Impact Study. University of Westminster, London, 2000.

47. Pharoah T. Jubilee Line Extension Development Impact Study. University of Westminster, London, 2002.

48. Dabinett G. Realising Regeneration Benefits from Urban Infrastructure Investment: Lesson from Sheffield in the 1990s. Town Planning Review, Vol. 62, No. 2, 1998, pp. 171–189.

49. Pickett M. W., and Perrett K. E. The Effect of the Tyne and Wear Metro on Residential Property Values. Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, Berkshire, United Kingdom, 1984.

50. Rail Transit and Property Values. American Public Transit Association, 2002, www.apta.com/research/info/briefings/briefing_1.cfm (accessed January 8, 2006).

51. Armstrong R. J. Jr. Impacts of Commuter Rail Service as Reflected in Single-Family Residential Property Values. In Transportation Research Record 1466, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 88–98.

52. Gruen A. The Effect of CTA and Metra Stations on Residential Property Values. Report to the Regional Transportation Authority, Chicago, Ill., 1997.

53. Weinstein B. L., and Clower T. L. The Initial Economic Impacts of the DART LRT System. Center for Economic Development and Research, University of North Texas, Denton, 1999.

54. Kay J. H., and Haikalis G. All Aboard. Planning, Vol. 66, No. 10, 2000, pp. 14–19.

55. Diaz R. B. Impacts of Rail Transit on Property Values. Proc., American Public Transit Association (APTA) 1999 Rapid Transit Conference, 1999.

56. Fejarang R. Impact on Property Values: A Study of the Los Angeles Metro Rail. Presented at 73rd Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., 1994.

57. Voith R. P. Transportation, Sorting and Housing Values. Journal of the American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association (AREUEA), Vol. 19, No. 2, 1991, pp. 117–137.

58. Anas A., and Armstrong R. J. Land Values and Transit Access: Modeling the Relationship in the New York Metropolitan Area. An Implementation Handbook. U.S. Federal Transit Administration, Office of Technical Assistance and Safety, Springfield, Va., 1993.

59. Cervero R., and Aschuer D. Economic Impact of Transit Investments: Guidebook for Practitioners. Transit Cooperative Research Program. Federal Transit Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C., 1998.

60. Cevero R. Transit Based Housing in the San Francisco Bay Area: Market Profiles and Rent Premiums. Transportation Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 3, 1996, pp. 33–49.

61. Sedway Group. Regional Impact Study. Report commissioned by Bay Area Rapid Transit District (BART), San Francisco, Calif., 1999.

62. Cervero R., Ferrell C., and Murphy S. Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 52: Transit-Oriented Development and Joint Development in the United States: A Literature Review. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2002.

63. Garrett T. A. Light-Rail Transit in America: Policy Issues and Prospects for Economic Development. Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, Mo., 2004.

64. Benjamin J. D., and Sirmans G. S. Mass Transportation, Apartment Rent and Property Values. Journal of Real Estate Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1996, pp. 1–8.

65. Rodríguez D. A., and Mojica C. H. Capitalization of BRT Network Effects into Land Prices. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., 2007.

66. Du H. B., and Mulley C. The Short-Term Land Value Impacts of Urban Rail Transit: Quantitative Evidence from Sunderland, UK. Land Use Policy, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2007, pp. 223–233.

67. Câmara Municipal de Lisboa, Lisboa: O desafio da mobilidade, Câmara Municipal de Lisboa—Licenciamento Urbanístico e Planeamento Urbano, 2005.

68. Tischer M. L. Special Issue on Methodological Issues in Accessibility. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, 2001.

69. Cervero R., and Kockelman K. Travel Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity, and Design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 2, No. 3, 1997, pp. 199–219.

70. Potoglou D., and Kanaroglou P. S. Modelling Car Ownership in Urban Areas: A Case Study of Hamilton, Canada. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 16, No. 1, 2008, pp. 42–54

Cite article

Cite article

OR

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Transportation Research Record

Volume 2115, Issue 1

Pages: 127 - 137

Article first published online: January 1, 2009

Issue published: January 2009

Rights and permissions

© 2009 National Academy of Sciences.

Request permissions for this article.

Request Permissions

Authors

Affiliations

L. Miguel Martínez

CESUR, Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon Technical University, Avenido Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.

[email protected]

View all articles by this author

José Manuel Viegas

CESUR, Department of Civil Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon Technical University, Avenido Rovisco Pais 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal.

View all articles by this author

Notes

[email protected].

Metrics and citations

Metrics

This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Total views and downloads: 922

^*Article usage tracking started in December 2016

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

SIGN UP TO CITATION ALERTS

Web of Science: 0

Crossref: 78

A Survey of Methods and Input Data Types for House Price Prediction
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Value uplift from transit investment-Property value or land value? A c...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Do rail transit stations transform hosting neighbourhoods? Comparative...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Effects of Public Transport Accessibility and Property Attributes on H...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
A meta-analysis of the impact of rail stations on property values: App...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
IMPACT OF MAJOR EVENTS ON HOUSING PRICES IN HANGZHOU BASED ON REGRESSI...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
An Empirical Analysis of the Benefits of Opening a Highway in Terms of...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
A Research on the Influence of the Ui-Sinseol Light Rail Transit on Ho...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Nonlinear public transit accessibility effects on housing prices: Hete...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Valuing access to urban greenspace using non-linear distance decay in ...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The Impact of Urban Public Transport on Residential Transaction Prices...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The effects of land price in the peri-urban fringe of Mexico City: Env...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Infrastructure Accessibility Measures and Property Values
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Assessing transportation system efficiency in its relationship with ur...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The real estate market and public transportation systems in developing...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Urban Rail Transit in Bangkok: Chronological Development Review and Im...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Big data, accessibility and urban house prices
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Transport infrastructure and house prices in the long run
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Effects of Transportation Accessibility on Residential Housing Rent: E...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Determinants of Housing Prices in Dalian City, China: Empirical Study ...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Measuring retailers’ perceptions of new metro stations inauguration
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Do housing tenure and public transport provision matter in automobile ...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Transport accessibility, residential satisfaction, and moving intentio...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Estimating the Impacts of Proximity to Public Transportation on Reside...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Impact of new motorway on housing prices in rural North-East Slovenia
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Housing supply elasticity, gasoline prices, and residential property v...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Regional impact of rail network accessibility on residential property ...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
First-and-last mile solution via bicycling to improving transit access...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The Economic Effects of Climate Change Adaptation Measures: Evidence f...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Research on the Sustainable Development of Urban Housing Price Based o...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The impact on neighbourhood residential property valuations of a newly...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Public transport accessibility and housing value uplift: Evidence from...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The impact of metro services on housing prices: a case study from Beij...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The impact of accessibility by public transport on real estate values:...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Proximity to metro stations and commercial gentrification
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Transforming Abandoned Rail Corridors into Multi-purpose Trails: Apply...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Evaluating equity and accessibility to jobs by public transport across...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Does urban rail increase land value in emerging cities? Value uplift f...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Effects of bus transit-oriented development (BTOD) on single-family pr...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Commercial property values in a border metropolitan economy
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Agent-based modelling of purchasing, renting and investing behaviour i...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Accessibility-oriented development
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Access to employment and property values in Mexico
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Can land value capture make PPP's competitive in fares? A Mumbai case ...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Spatial Heterogeneity of Sustainable Transportation Offer Values: A Co...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Effects of new bus and rail rapid transit systems – an international r...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
THE INFLUENCE OF THE VICINITY OF A NATIONAL ROAD ON HOUSING PRICES
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Impacts of transportation infrastructure on single-family property val...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The effect of parking in local accessibility indicators: Application t...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Spatial effects of accessibility to parks on housing prices in Shenzhe...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Accessibility dynamics and location premia: Do land values follow acce...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Estimating the impact of metro rail stations on residential property v...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The value of transportation accessibility in a least developed country...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Agent-based joint model of residential location choice and real estate...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The effects of highway development on housing prices
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Delhi's land cover change in post transit era
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The effects of mass rapid transit station on the house prices in Taipe...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Impacts of Property Accessibility and Neighborhood Built Environment o...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Measuring the effects of transportation infrastructure location on rea...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Do Atlanta residents value MARTA? Selecting an autoregressive model to...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Gentrification, Transit, and Land Use: Moving Beyond Neoclassical Theo...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Investigating the impact of recession on transportation cost capitaliz...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
The Effects of Environmental Quality on Residential Choice Location
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Modeling the Effects of Environmental Impacts and Accessibility on Rea...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
How do transport infrastructure and policies affect house prices and r...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Fixed link, fixed effects? Housing market outcomes of new infrastructu...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Sampling of alternatives in Multivariate Extreme Value (MEV) models
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Location and Transportation Effects on Nonresidential Real Estate Pric...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Flexible Geospatial Platform for Distributed and Collaborative Urban M...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Modelling transport and real-estate values interactions in urban syste...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Change of Scale and Forecasting with the Control-Function Method in Lo...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Evaluating the Economic Impacts of Light Rail by Measuring Home Apprec...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Accessibility and Housing Price Resilience: Evidence from Limited-Acce...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Configuration of Innovative Minibus Service in the Lisbon, Portugal, M...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Accessibility-Based Factors of Travel Odds...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
Analysis of House Prices to Assess Economic Impacts of New Public Tran...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
A new optimisation procedure to design minibus services: an applicatio...
Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:

Sage Journals profile

OR

Institution

Society

Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase access

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Read with DeepDyve

View options

PDF/ePub

You currently have no access to this content. Visit the access options page to authenticate.