Residential Off-Street Parking Impacts on Car Ownership, Vehicle Miles Traveled, and Related Carbon Emissions: New York City Case Study
Abstract
Parking is a key element of the street and highway system. Parking supply affects driving demand by changing the underlying cost structure associated with mode choice decisions. It also affects levels of auto ownership by changing the cost of auto ownership. These two facts combine to make parking management an important and powerful tool for both traffic and air-quality management. A pilot analysis of demographics, highway and transit access, and off-street parking in two New York City neighborhoods strongly suggests that the provision of residential off-street parking affects commuting behavior. Moreover, the type of parking provision plays a strong role in determining mode share. Accessory parking that is adjacent to a home, in a garage or driveway, seems more likely to generate auto commutes than does parking in commercial centralized lots. This analysis, which was followed by testing plausible development scenarios, shows that the city's residential off-street parking regulations will undermine its own vision for a sustainable future.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. Cairns S., Atkins S., and Goodwin P. Disappearing Traffic? The Story So Far. Municipal Engineer, Vol. 151, No. 1, 2001, pp. 13–22.
2. Mogridge M. J. H. The Self-Defeating Nature of Urban Road Capacity Policy: A Review of Theories, Disputes, and Available Evidence. Transport Policy, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1997, pp. 5–23.
3. Kuzmyak J. R., Weinberger R., Pratt R. H., and Levinson H. S. TCRP Report 95: Traveler Response to Transportation System Changes, Chapter 18, “Parking Management and Supply.” Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003.
4. City of New York. PlaNYC. A Greener, Greater New York, 2006. http://home2.nyc.gov/html/planyc2030/html/downloads/download.shtml.
5. Downs A. Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C.; and Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, Mass., 1992.
6. Downs A. Still Stuck in Traffic: Coping with Peak-Hour Traffic Congestion. Brookings Institution Press, Washington, D.C., 2004.
7. Kain J. Postwar Metropolitan Development: Housing Preferences and Auto Ownership. American Economic Review, Vol. 57, No. 2, 1967, pp. 223–234.
8. Schimek P. Household Motor Vehicle Ownership and Use: How Much Does Residential Density Matter? In Transportation Research Record 1552, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 120–125.
9. Holtzclaw J., Clear R., Dittmar H., Goldstein D., and Haas P. Location Efficiency: Neighborhood and Socio-Economic Characteristics Determine Auto Ownership and Use—Studies in Chicago, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Transportation Planning and Technology, Vol. 25, 2002, pp. 1–27.
10. Hess D. Effect of Free Parking on Commuter Mode Choice: Evidence from Travel Diary Data. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1753, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2001, pp. 35–42.
11. Shoup D. C. The High Cost of Free Parking. American Planning Association, Chicago, Ill., 2005.
12. Millard-Ball A. Putting on Their Parking Caps. Planning Magazine, April 2002, pp. 16–21.
13. Jia W., and Wachs M. Parking Requirements and Housing Affordability: Case Study of San Francisco. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1685, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 156–160.
14. Baker L. No Parking: Condos Leave Out Cars. New York Times, Nov. 12, 2006.
15. Brookings Institution. Shrinking the Carbon Footprint of Metropolitan America, 2008. www.brookings.edu/reports/2008/∼/media/Files/rc/papers/2008/05_carbon_footprint_sarzynski/metroprofiles.pdf.
16. Department of City Planning, New York City. Zoning Data Tables. www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/zone/zh_tables.pdf. Accessed July 21, 2008.
17. American Planning Association, 2007. www.planning.org/greatplaces/neighborhoods/parkslope.htm.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emission Facts 2005, 2005. www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/420f05001.htm.
19. U.S. Department of Energy. Annual Review. www.eia.doe.gov/aer/txt/ptb0208.html.
20. Department of City Planning, City of New York. Agency Strategic Plan. www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/pdf/about/strategy.pdf.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 1, 2009
Issue published: January 2009
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 476
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 42
- A Contemporary Review of Residential Parking Lessons for Indian Cities
- Why Do People Drive? A Systematic Literature Review of the Drivers of ...
- Introduction
- Approximation Method for Estimating Search Times for On-Street Parking
- Linking Residential Parking to Automobile Transportation Impact Outcom...
- Comparative Case Studies of Parking Reduction at Transit-Oriented Deve...
- Assessing Minimum Parking Requirements and Parking Capacities of Resid...
- Puzzling over parking: Assessing the transitional parking requirement ...
- Who and where rideshares? Rideshare travel and use in Los Angeles
- Support for innovative on-street parking policies: empirical evidence ...
- Parking policy: The politics and uneven use of residential parking spa...
- Parking management for promoting sustainable transport in urban neighb...
- Setting the agenda for parking research in other cities
- Uncovering the national and regional household carbon emissions in Chi...
- The gap between and determinants of growth in car ownership in urban a...
- Redefining Car Access
- Comparative case studies: trip and parking generation at Orenco Statio...
- How does urbanization affect residential CO2 emissions? An analysis on...
- Market Segmentation Analysis of Commuter Parking Relative to Shared Pr...
- Review of climate action plans in 29 major U.S. cities: Comparing curr...
- Do Parking Maximums Deter Housing Development?
- How does parking interplay with the built environment and affect autom...
- Trip and parking generation at transit-oriented developments: a case s...
- Temporal dynamics in local vehicle ownership for Great Britain
- Trip and parking generation at transit-oriented developments: Five US ...
- Parking facilities and the built environment: Impacts on travel behavi...
- Legalizing the illegal parking, a solution for parking scarcity in dev...
- Parking Infrastructure: A Constraint on or Opportunity for Urban Redev...
- Investigating the interaction between the parking choice and holiday t...
- Public Parking Fees and Fines: A Survey of U.S. Cities
- Introduction
- Parking Policy
- Duet of the Commons...
- Residential Street Parking and Car Ownership
- Does TOD Need the T?
- Does residential parking supply affect household car ownership? The ca...
- Death by a thousand curb-cuts: Evidence on the effect of minimum parki...
- An adaptive neural network-fuzzy linear regression approach for improv...
- Are We Reaching Peak Travel? Trends in Passenger Transport in Eight In...
- Motivating Changes in Auto Mobility
- Evaluating the Impact of Transit Service on Parking Demand and Require...
- Parking Requirements in Some Major Asian Cities
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
