Effects of Heterogeneity on Self-Organized Pedestrian Flows
Abstract
This investigation focuses on how the heterogeneity of pedestrian characteristics influences the buildup of congestion and affects the efficiency of pedestrian flows. Three commonly used parameters in pedestrian models–-desired speed, body size, and reaction time–-were varied in the population. Real pedestrian flows are heterogeneous regarding pedestrian characteristics. However, not much is known about the way that affects the qualities of the flow and how important it is to the outcomes of microsimulation models. The NOMAD model developed by Delft University of Technology is used to perform simulations in which the aforementioned heterogeneity is introduced. The investigation was carried out by creating bidirectional flows with fixed demands. The flows were analyzed by observing the development of breakdowns, average speeds, and average densities for different demands. It is shown that the influence of heterogeneity on breakdown probabilities and flow efficiency is considerable. To investigate this further, the dynamic lane formation process is investigated in detail. In addition to further insights into the causes for breakdown, it is found that the number of lanes increases with the decrease in heterogeneity in desired speed and in body size. However the opposite happens for heterogeneity in reaction time. Results indicate that heterogeneity in the population has a large impact on the flow quality and should be included in models explicitly to improve prediction performance.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. Klüpfel H. The Simulation of Crowd Dynamics at Very Large Events—Calibration, Empirical Data, and Validation. In Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics (Waldau N., Gattermann P., Knoflacher H., and Schreckenberg M., eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2005, pp. 285–296.
2. Galea E. R., Sharp G., Lawrence P. J., and Holden R. Approximating the Evacuation of the World Trade Center North Tower Using Computer Simulation. Journal of Fire Protection Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 85–115.
3. Daamen W., Hoogendoorn S. P., and Campanella M. C. Ticket Reservation Posts on Train Platforms: Assessment Using the Microscopic Pedestrian Simulation Tool NOMAD. Presented at 88th Annual Conference of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2009.
4. Hoogendoorn S. P., and Daamen W. Self-Organization in Pedestrian Flow. In Traffic and Granular Flow ‘03, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2005, pp. 373–382.
5. Helbing D., Buzna L., Johansson A., and Werner T. Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowd Dynamics. Transportation Science, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005, pp. 1–24.
6. Weidmann U. Transporttechnik der Fußgänger. Report Schriftenreihe Ivt-Berichte 90, ETH Zürich, Switzerland, 1993 (in German).
7. Dabbs J., James M., and Stokes N. Beauty Is Power: The Use of Space on the Sidewalk. Sociometry, Vol. 38, No. 4, 1975, pp. 551–557.
8. Helbing D., Farkas I., and Vicsek T. Simulating Dynamical Features of Escape Panic. Nature, Vol. 407, 2000, pp. 487–490.
9. Parisi D. R., and Dorso C. O. Why Faster Is Slower. In Evacuation Process, Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 05, Springer, Vienna, Austria, 2005, pp. 331–336.
10. Hoogendoorn S. P., and Daamen W. Microscopic Parameter Identification of Pedestrian Models and Implications for Pedestrian Flow Modeling. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1982, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2006, pp. 57–64.
11. Helbing D., Farkas I., and Vicsek T. Freezing by Heating in a Driven Mesoscopic System. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, 2000, pp. 1240–1243.
12. Pauls J. Demographic Changes Leading to Deterioration of Pedestrian Capabilities Affecting Safety and Crowd Movement. Presented at 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008.
13. Campanella M. C., Hoogendoorn S. P., and Daamen W. Calibration of Pedestrian Models with Respect to Self-Organisation. Presented at TRAIL Congress, TRAIL Research School, Delft, Netherlands, 2008.
14. Hoogendoorn S. P., and Bovy P. H. L. Simulation of Pedestrian Flows by Optimal Control and Differential Games. Optimal Control Applications and Methods, Vol. 24, No. 3, 2003, pp. 153–172.
15. Hoogendoorn S. P., and Daamen W. Pedestrian Behavior in Bottlenecks. Transportation Science, Vol. 39, 2005, pp. 147–159.
16. Zipf G. K. Human Behavior and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology. Social Forces, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1950, pp. 340–341.
17. Hoogendoorn S. P., Daamen W., and Campanella M. Self-Organization and Chaos in Pedestrian Flow: Experiments and Modelling. Proc., Chaotic Modeling and Simulation International Conference, Chania, Crete, Greece, 2008.
18. Hoogendoorn S. P., and Bovy P. H. L. Pedestrian Route-Choice and Activity Scheduling Theory and Models. Transportation Research Part B—Methodological, Vol. 38, No. 2, 2004, pp. 169–190.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 1, 2009
Issue published: January 2009
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 71
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 43
- From dawn to dusk: daily fluctuations in pedestrian traffic in the cit...
- Analyzing emergency evacuation scenarios in Ghana based on different g...
- Simulation-based heterogeneous pedestrian evacuation in subway station...
- Estimating the Risk of Contracting COVID-19 in Different Settings Usin...
- Control of collective human behavior: Social dynamics beyond modeling
- Fluctuations in pedestrian dynamics routing choices
- Obstacle avoidance in the improved social force model based on ant col...
- Analyzing pedestrian individual and interaction collision avoidance dy...
- Design and analysis of control strategies for pedestrian flows
- The effect of passenger attributes on alighting and boarding efficienc...
- State-of-the-Art Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics
- Pedestrian evacuation under guides in a multiple-exit room via the fuz...
- The effect of waiting area design at the metro platform on passengers’...
- Incidents in high-volume elongated crowd facilities: A simulation-base...
- Heterogeneity of decision strategy in collective escape of human crowd...
- Evaluation of Pedestrian Density Distribution with Respect to the Velo...
- Crowd Hybrid Model for Pedestrian Dynamic Prediction in a Corridor
- Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for pedestrian networks: Theory and ap...
- Microscopic travel-time analysis of bottleneck experiments
- The effect of a directional split flow ratio on bidirectional pedestri...
- Effects of Corridor Shapes on Unidirectional Crowd Dynamics
- Effect of form of obstacle on speed of crowd evacuation
- Improved Social Force Models Considering Heterogenous Characteristics ...
- Macroscopic Fundamental Diagram for pedestrian networks: theory and ap...
- Bottleneck effects on the bidirectional crowd dynamics
- A hybrid simulation-assignment modeling framework for crowd dynamics i...
- Capacity-oriented passenger flow control under uncertain demand: Algor...
- Dynamic feature analysis in bidirectional pedestrian flows
- Macroscopic Directional Analysis of Pedestrian Flow
- Research on the Effects of Heterogeneity on Pedestrian Dynamics in Wal...
- Nonlinear effects in examples of crowd evacuation scenarios
- Converting mixed pedestrian flows into equivalent commuters using stan...
- Estimating PCE-Type Factors for Heterogeneous Pedestrian Traffic Using...
- Breakdown Phenomenon Study in the Bidirectional Pedestrian Flow
- Random Utility Models of Pedestrian Crowd Exit Selection based on SP-o...
- Evacuation from a Complex Structure – The Effect of Neglecting Heterog...
- State-of-the-art crowd motion simulation models
- A methodology for determining equivalent factors in heterogeneous pede...
- Standard Pedestrian Equivalent Factors: New Approach to Analyzing Pede...
- Traffic Instabilities in Self-Organized Pedestrian Crowds
- Developing Standard Pedestrian-Equivalent Factors...
- Can Walking Behavior be Predicted?: Analysis of Calibration and Fit of...
- Improving the Nomad microscopic walker model
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
