Evaluation of Expansive Characteristics of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Virgin Aggregate Used as Base Materials
Abstract
Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is reprocessed hot-mix asphalt pavement material that contains asphalt and aggregates. A viable solution for disposing of large quantities of RAP is to incorporate it into base and subbase applications for highway construction. This paper compares the expansive properties of RAP materials, especially the ones including recycled steel slag aggregates, with those of the virgin aggregates to evaluate their potential use as pavement base materials. Seventeen RAP materials and virgin aggregates collected in Illinois were tested for their expansive characteristics in the laboratory, following the ASTM D4792 test method. The specimens in California bearing ratio test molds were submerged into a high-alkali cement–water solution and kept soaked at 70°C to accelerate hydration reactions. Some steel slag aggregates showed considerably high expansion potential, up to 6.2% swell, when compared with other virgin aggregates, such as siliceous gravel and crushed dolomite, which had minor or almost no expansion. The RAP materials, which often had lower densities, exhibited more of an initial settlement or contraction before any expansion with time. Two RAP materials—surface RAP, with 92% steel slag aggregates, and steel slag RAP—gave the maximum expansion amounts of 1.69% and 1.46%, respectively. Although the RAP materials had much lower tendencies to expand than did the virgin steel slag aggregates, the use of RAP materials containing high percentages of steel slag aggregates may have to be avoided in the pavement substructure layers, depending on the level of expansion.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. O'Mahony M. M., and Milligan G. W. E. Use of Recycled Materials in Subbase Layers. In Transportation Research Record 1310, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991, pp. 73–80.
2. Senior S. A., Szoke S. I., and Rogers C. A. Ontario's Experience with Reclaimed Materials for Use in Aggregates. The International Road Federation Conference, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1994.
3. Hudson W. R., and Saeed A. Evaluation and the Use of Waste and Reclaimed Materials in Roadbase Construction. Publication FHWA/TX-97/1348- 2F. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1996.
4. Cross S. A., Abou-Zeid M. N., Wojakowski J. B., and Fager G. A. Long-Term Performance of Recycled Portland Cement Concrete Pavement. In Transportation Research Record 1525, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 115–123.
5. Garg N., and Thompson M. R. Lincoln Avenue Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Base Project. In Transportation Research Record 1547, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 89–95.
6. Maher M. H., and Papp W. Recycled Asphalt Pavement as a Base and Subbase Material. In ASTM Special Technical Publication 1275, ASTM, West Conshohocken, Pa., 1997, pp. 42–53.
7. Simon M. User Guidelines for Waste and Byproduct Materials in Pavement Construction. Publication FHWA-RD-97-148. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, McLean, Va, 1997.
8. Taha R., Ali G., Basma A., and Al-Turk O. Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate in Road Bases and Subbases. In Transportation Research Record 1652, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1999, pp. 264–269.
9. Bennert T., Papp W. J. Jr., Maher A., and Gucunski N. Utilization of Construction and Demolition Debris Under Traffic-Type Loading in Base and Subbase Applications. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1714, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 2000, pp. 33–39.
10. Chini A., Kuo S., Armaghani J., and Duxbury J. Test for Recycled Concrete Aggregate in Accelerated Test Track. ASCE Journal of Transportation Engineering, Vol. 127, No. 6, 2001, pp. 486–492.
11. Taha R., Al-Harthy A., Al-Shamsi K., and Al-Zubeidi M. Cement Stabilization of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Aggregate for Road Bases and Subbases. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2002, pp. 239–245.
12. Caijun S. Steel Slag—Its Production, Processing, Characteristics, and Cementitous Properties. ASCE Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2004, pp. 230–236.
13. Chesner W. H., Collins R. J., and MacKay M. H. Users Guidelines for Waste and By-Product Materials in Pavement Construction. Publication FHWA-RD-97-148. Commack: Chesner Engineering, P.C.; FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1998.
14. Saski F. Method of Identifying Minerals in Blast Furnace and BOF Slags by Optical Microscopy. Nippon Steel Technical Report No. 17, 1981, pp. 1–8.
15. An Assessment of the Properties of BOS Slag—A Review of the Chemistry, Mineralogy and Physical Properties of the Air Cooled BOS Slags. British Steel Corporation, London, 1976.
16. Wachsmuth F., Geiseler J., Fix W., Koch K., and Schwerdtfeger K. Contribution to the Structure of BOF Slags and Its Influence on Their Volume Stability. Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 3, 1981, pp. 279–284.
17. Monaco A., and Lu W.-K. The Properties of Steel Slag Aggregates and Their Dependence on Melt Shop Practice. Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, 1996, pp. 701–711.
18. Collins R. J., and Ciesielski S. K. NCHRP Synthesis of Highway Practice 199: Recycling and Use of Waste Materials and By-Products in Highway Construction, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994.
19. Rohde L., Nunez W. P., and Ceratti J. A. P. Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slag: Base Material for Low-Volume Roads. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 1819, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2003, pp. 201–207.
20. Gupta J. D., and Kneller W. A. Precipitate Potential of Highway Subbase Aggregates. Publication FHWA/OH-94/004. FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 1993.
21. Gupta J. D., Kneller W. A., Tamirisa R., and Skrzypczak-Jankun E. Characterization of Base and Subbase Iron and Steel Slag Aggregates Causing Deposition of Calcareous Tufa in Drains. In Transportation Research Record 1434, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 8–16.
22. Coomarasamy A., and Walzak T. L. Effects of Moisture on Surface Chemistry of Steel Slags and Steel Slag–Asphalt Paving Mixes. In Transportation Research Record 1492, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 85–95.
23. Machado A. T. A Comparative Study of Test Methods for Evaluating Steel Slag Expansion. MS thesis. University of São Paulo, Brazil, 2000.
24. Using Mineralogical and Industrial Wastes in Road Paving. Institute of Roads Research, Brazilian National Department of Roads, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 1990.
25. Juckes L. M. The Volume Stability of Modern Steelmaking Slags. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, Vol. 112, No. 3, 2003, pp. 177–197.
26. Grattan-Bellew P. G., and Mitchell L. Preventing Concrete Deterioration due to Alkali–Aggregate Reaction. National Research Council of Canada, Construction Technology Update No. 52, 2002.
27. Xue Y., Wu S., Hou H., and Zha J. Experimental Investigation of Basic Oxygen Furnace Slag Used as Aggregate in Asphalt Mixture. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 138, No. 2, 2006, pp. 261–268.
28. Kandhal P. S., and Hoffman G. L. Evaluation of Steel Slag Fine Aggregate in Hot-Mix Asphalt Mixtures. In Transportation Research Record 1583, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1997, pp. 28–36.
29. Wu S., Xue Y., Ye Q., and Chen Y. Utilization of Steel Slag as Aggregates for Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) Mixtures. Building and Environment, Vol. 42, 2006, pp. 2580–2585.
30. Billingslea A. Slag: Mother Nature's By-Product. EIT, Construction and Materials Issues, 2001, pp. 176–182.
31. Narita K., Onoye N. T., and Takata Z. On the Weathering Mechanisms of LD Converted Slag. Iron and Steel, Vol. 64, No. 10, 1978. pp. 68–77.
32. Kneller W. A., Gupta J., Borkowski M. L., and Dollimore D. Determination of Original Free Lime Content of Weathered Iron and Steel Slags by Thermogravimetric Analysis. In Transportation Research Record 1434, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 17–22.
33. Aiban S. A. Utilization of Steel Slag Aggregate for Road Bases. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2006, pp. 65–75.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 1, 2010
Issue published: January 2010
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 73
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 29
- Utilisation of aged and unaged basic oxygen furnace steel slag aggrega...
- Sustainable use of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in pavement applic...
- Comparative evaluation of mechanical performance of steel slag and ear...
- Laboratory Evaluation of a Geosynthetic-Reinforced Pavement over Poor ...
- Carbonation of steel slag
- Performance Evaluation and Characterization of Extracted Recycled Asph...
- Pyrometallurgical processing of ferrous slag “co-product” zero waste f...
- Performance of subgrade soil stabilised with by-product recycled mill ...
- State of Art: Review for Sustainable Application of Waste Material in ...
- Study on leaching of electric arc furnace (EAF) slag for its sustainab...
- Performance evaluation of geocell-reinforced reclaimed asphalt pavemen...
- Utilization of RAP in Flexible Pavements
- A Review of the Influence of Steel Furnace Slag Type on the Properties...
- Stabilization of a Clayey Soil with Ladle Metallurgy Furnace Slag Fine...
- Development of high-density geopolymer concrete with steel furnace sla...
- Stabilization and Crystal Characterization of Electric Arc Furnace Oxi...
- Effect of pH and Subgrade Type on Trace-Metal Leaching from Steel-Slag...
- Trace Metal Leaching from Steel Slag Used in Structural Fills
- A laboratory and field study on 100% Recycled Cement Bound Mixture for...
- Evaluation of Mitigation Techniques for the Expansive Behavior of Stee...
- A novel double-drum mixing technique for plant hot mix asphalt recycli...
- Engineering properties and performance of asphalt mixtures incorporati...
- Expansive and Concrete Properties of SFS–FRAP Aggregates
- Slag use in asphalt paving
- Steel furnace slag aggregate expansion and hardened concrete propertie...
- Laboratory Evaluation on Resilient Modulus and Rate Dependencies of RA...
- Preventing Swelling and Decreasing Alkalinity of Steel Slags Used in H...
- Влияние свойств асфальтобетонных покрытий на показатели автомобильных ...
- USE OF STEEL SLAGS IN AUTOMOBILE ROAD CONSTRUCTION
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
