Steel Slag Aggregate Used in Portland Cement Concrete: U.S. and International Perspectives
Abstract
The issue of sustainability in the built environment is increasingly important, particularly in the transportation sector. In some cases slags from the iron and steel industries can be used to replace natural aggregates in construction. In this research, laboratory investigations of the use of steel slag as a portland cement concrete (PCC) aggregate were reviewed. Much of this research took place outside the United States. Some limited field cases of the use of steel slag in pavements were found. In at least two cases dramatic pavement failure resulted, but it is not known whether the slag used in the applications had been properly aged as required by modern specifications. Research on the use of steel slag aggregate in PCC has been carried out in Spain, Germany, Canada, Italy, India, and Saudi Arabia. Despite some limited field applications, virtually all research has been done in the laboratory. Much of this work shows that properly aged steel slag can be nonexpansive when used in PCC. When these research results are evaluated, it is important to consider the properties of the slags used because they may differ from the slags produced in the United States due to differences in sources or industrial processes. Several state department of transportation specifications were reviewed, and they generally do not permit the use of steel slag as a PCC aggregate. Steel slag represents a small part of the total aggregates currently used, but it is an alternative material that should be considered where it makes economic sense.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. U.S. Green Building Council. http://www.usgbc.org. Accessed July 26, 2011.
2. Tu T.-Y., Chen Y.-Y., and Hwang C.-L. Properties of HPC with Recycled Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 36, No. 5, 2006, pp. 943–950.
3. Tepordei V. V. Natural Aggregates—Foundation of America's Future. www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/geology/a_aggregates.html. Accessed July 19, 2008.
4. Lewis D. Properties and Uses of Iron and Steel Slags. http://www.nationalslag.org/archive/legacy/nsa_182-6_properties_and_uses_slag.pdf.
5. Van Oss H. G. Iron and Steel Slag, Mineral Commodity Summaries. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Va., 2011.
6. National Slag Association. Steel Slag: A Premier Construction Aggregate. http://www.nationalslag.org/.
7. Obratil R. S., Patel A., Bosela P. A., and Delatte N. J. Effect of Steel Slag Replacement on Fresh and Hardened Properties of Concrete. Presented at 87th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2008.
8. Bosela P., Delatte N., Obratil R., and Patel A. Fresh and Hardened Properties of Paving Concrete with Steel Slag Aggregate. Proc. 9th International Conference on Concrete Pavements, San Francisco, Calif., Aug. 17–21, 2008, International Society for Concrete Pavements, Washington, D.C., 2008.
9. Obratil R., Patel A., Bosela P., and Delatte N. Examination of Steel Slag as a Replacement for Natural Aggregates in Concrete Paving Mixtures. Presented at 88th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2009.
10. Patel J. Broader Use of Steel Slag Aggregates in Concrete. Master's thesis. Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio, 2008.
11. Armaghani J. M., Larsen T. J., and Smith L. L. Design Related Distress in Concrete Pavements. Florida's Interstate 75: A Case Study. Concrete International, 1988, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 43–49.
12. Erlin B., and Jana D. Forces of Hydration That Can Cause Havoc in Concrete. Concrete International, 2003, Vol. 25, No. 11, pp. 51–57.
13. Construction and Material Specifications. Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, 2011.
14. Quality Control Requirements for Steel Slag Aggregate Producer/Processors. Supplement 1071. Ohio Department of Transportation, Columbus, 2010.
15. Standard Specification. Indiana Department of Transportation, Indianapolis, 2012.
16. Standard Specifications Roads and Bridges. West Virginia Department of Transportation, Charleston, 2010.
17. Publication 408/2011. Specifications. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, 2011.
18. Method of Test for Evaluation of Potential Expansion of Steel Slags. Test Method No. 130. Pennsylvania Department of Transportation, Harrisburg, 1995.
19. Standard Specifications for Construction. Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, 2003.
20. Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction. Illinois Department of Transportation, Springfield, 2007.
21. Slag Producer Self-Testing Program. Policy Memorandum. State of Illinois, Springfield, 2008.
22. Polanco J. A., Manso J. M., Setién J., and González J. J. Strength and Durability of Concrete Made with Electric Steelmaking Slag. Materials Journal, Vol. 108, No. 2, 2011, pp. 196–203.
23. Manso J. M., Gonzalez J. J., and Polanco J. A. Electric Arc Furnace Slag in Concrete. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, Vol. 16, No. 6, 2004, pp. 639–645.
24. Manso J. M., Polanco J. A., Losanez M., and Gonzalez J. J. Durability of Concrete Made with EAF Slag as Aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composite, Vol. 28, No. 6, 2006, pp. 528–534.
25. Etxeberria M. Properties of Concrete Using Metallurgical Industrial By-Products as Aggregates. Construction and Building Materials, Vol. 24, 2010, pp. 1594–1600.
26. Geiseler J. Use of Steelworks Slag in Europe. Waste Management, Vol. 16, 1996, pp. 59–63.
27. Motz H., and Geiseler J. Products of Steel Slags an Opportunity to Save Natural Resources. Waste Management, Vol. 21, 2001, pp. 285–293.
28. Shi C. Characteristics and Cementitious Properties of Ladle Slag Fines from Steel Production. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 32, 2002, pp. 459–462.
29. Faraone N., Tonello G., Furlani E., and Maschio S. Steelmaking Slag as Aggregate for Mortars: Effects of Particle Dimension on Compression Strength. Chemosphere, Vol. 77, No. 8, 2009, pp. 1152–1156.
30. Luckman M., Satish V., and Venkateswaran D. Cementitious and Pozzolanic Behavior of Electric Arc Furnace Steel Slags. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 39, 2009, pp. 102–109.
31. Al-Sugairand F. H., Al-Negheimish A. I., and Al-Zaid R. Z. Utilization of Local Steelmaking Slag in Concrete. Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1997, pp. 39–55.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 1, 2012
Issue published: January 2012
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 157
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 38
- Effect of Tire Chips on the Shear Behavior of Steel Slag and Granite B...
- Utilisation of aged and unaged basic oxygen furnace steel slag aggrega...
- Full-scale sustainable structural concrete containing high proportions...
- Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Sustainable Concretes Manufactured wit...
- Microstructure and Dimensional Stability of Slag-Based High-Workabilit...
- Research on engineering properties of cement mortar adding stainless s...
- Assessment of particle packing models for aggregate dosage design in l...
- Shear strength assessment of reinforced concrete components containing...
- Fiber-reinforcement and its effects on the mechanical properties of hi...
- Bending tests on building beams containing electric arc furnace slag a...
- Waste to wealth: Recovery of value-added products from steel slag
- Evaluation of the engineering properties and durability of mortar prod...
- Mechanical properties of semi-lightweight concrete containing nano-pal...
- Effect of fine recycled concrete aggregate on the mechanical behavior ...
- A Review of the Influence of Steel Furnace Slag Type on the Properties...
- The design of self-compacting structural mortar containing steelmaking...
- Development of high-density geopolymer concrete with steel furnace sla...
- The study of properties and behavior of self compacting concrete conta...
- Field evaluation of porous asphalt course for life-cycle cost analysis
- Customized shear test for bond-slip characterization of EBR FRP-concre...
- Study of the expansive behavior of ladle furnace slag and its mixture ...
- Discussion of “Effect of Rubber Crumbs on the Cyclic Behavior of Steel...
- Dimensional stability of electric arc furnace slag in civil engineerin...
- A study on the durability of structural concrete incorporating electri...
- Mineralography and Comprehensive Utilization of Highly Activity Steel ...
- Self-compacting concrete incorporating electric arc-furnace steelmakin...
- Engineering properties and performance of asphalt mixtures incorporati...
- Can Steel Slag Be Used as an Aggregate in Concrete and How? A Technica...
- Electric Arc Furnace Slag as Coarse Recycled Aggregate for Concrete Pr...
- The use of steelmaking slags and fly ash in structural mortars
- Slag use as an aggregate in concrete and cement-based materials
- Usability criteria for slag use in rigid matrices
- Electric arc furnace slag and its use in hydraulic concrete
- Durability studies on steelmaking slag concretes
- Feasibility of stabilizing expanding property of furnace slag by autoc...
- The performance of steel-making slag concretes in the hardened state
- Influence of Slag Aggregate Production on Its Potential for Use in Int...
- Radiological protection and mechanical properties of concretes with EA...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
