Skip to main content
Intended for healthcare professionals
Restricted access
Research article
First published online January 1, 2012

Assessment of Communitywide Bikeability with Bicycle Level of Service

Abstract

A novel method assessed the quality of bicycle travel throughout a community. Most previous research on the quality of bicycle travel assessed bicycle suitability, that is, the perceived comfort and safety of a linear section of bikeway. Assessment of bikeability (as defined by authors), however, considers comfort and safety of the entire bikeway network for access to important destinations, and there is ample research concerning the related concept of accessibility. A proposed calculation for bikeability was developed on the basis of a common accessibility equation and was demonstrated through a case study of three capital investment scenarios. The analysis used a geographic information system. Engineers and planners can follow a similar procedure to the one used in the calculation development to prioritize improvement projects or to communicate the benefits of new projects.

Get full access to this article

View all access and purchase options for this article.

References

1. Highway Capacity Manual 2010. Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2010.
2. Iacono M., Krizek K. J., and El-Geneidy A. Measuring Non-Motorized Accessibility: Issues, Alternatives, and Execution. Journal of Transport Geography, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2010, pp. 133–140.
3. Davis J. Bicycle Safety Evaluation. Auburn University, City of Chattanooga, and Chattanooga–Hamilton County Regional Planning Commission, Chattanooga, Tenn., 1987.
4. Sorton A., and Walsh T. Bicycle Stress Level as a Tool to Evaluate Urban and Suburban Bicycle Compatibility. In Transportation Research Record 1438, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 17–24.
5. Epperson B. Evaluating Suitability of Roadways for Bicycle Use: Toward a Cycling Level-of-Service Standard. In Transportation Research Record 1438, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 9–16.
6. Landis B. W. Bicycle Interaction Hazard Score: A Theoretical Model. In Transportation Research Record 1438, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1994, pp. 3–8.
7. Davis J. Bicycle Test Route Evaluation for Urban Road Conditions. Proc., Transportation Congress: Civil Engineers—Key to the World of Infrastructure, San Diego, Calif., ASCE, New York, 1995, pp. 1063–1076.
8. Botma H. Method to Determine Level of Service for Bicycle Paths and Pedestrian-Bicycle Paths. In Transportation Research Record 1502, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1995, pp. 38–44.
9. Dixon L. B. Bicycle and Pedestrian Level-of-Service Performance Measures and Standards for Congestion Management Systems. In Transportation Research Record 1538, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1996, pp. 1–9.
10. Turner S., Shafer S., and Stewart W. Bicycle Suitability Criteria for State Roadways in Texas. Texas Transportation Institute, Texas A&M University System, College Station, 1997.
11. Harkey D.L., Reinfurt D. W., and Knuiman M. Development of the Bicycle Compatibility Index. In Transportation Research Record 1636, TRB, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1998, pp. 13–20.
12. Emery J., and Crump C. The WABSA Project: Assessing and Improving Your Community's Walkability and Bikeability. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2003.
13. Jensen S. Pedestrian and Bicyclist Level of Service on Roadway Segments. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2031, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 43–51.
14. Petritsch T.A., Landis B. W., Huang H.F., McLeod P.S., Lamb D.R., Farah W., and Guttenplan M. Bicycle Level of Service for Arterials. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2031, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 34–42.
15. Dowling R.G., Reinke D. B., Flannery A., Ryus P., Vandehey M., Petritsch T. A., Landis B.W., Rouphail N.M., and Bonneson J.A. NCHRP Report 616: Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets Multimodal Level of Service Analysis for Urban Streets, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2008.
16. Hansen W. How Accessibility Shapes Land Use. Journal of the American Planning Association, Vol. 25, No. 2, 1959, pp. 73–76.
17. Song S. Some Tests of Alternative Accessibility Measures: A Population Density Approach. Land Economics, Vol. 72, No. 4, 1996, pp. 474–482.
18. Handy S.L., and Niemeier D.A. Measuring Accessibility: An Exploration of Issues and Alternatives. Environment and Planning A, Vol. 29, No. 7, 1997, pp. 1175–1194.
19. Handy S.L., and Clifton K.J. Evaluating Neighborhood Accessibility: Possibilities and Practicalities. Journal of Transportation and Statistics, Vol. 4, No. 2/3, 2001, pp. 67–78.
20. McNeil N. Bikeability and the 20-min Neighborhood: How Infrastructure and Destinations Influence Bicycle Accessibility. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2247, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011, pp. 53–63.
21. Klobucar M.S., and Fricker J.D. Network Evaluation Tool to Improve Real and Perceived Bicycle Safety. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2031, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2007, pp. 25–33.
22. Bikeability Checklist: How Bikeable Is Your Community? Pedestrian and Bicycle Information Center, FHWA, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002.
23. League of American Bicyclists. Bicycle Friendly America. http://www.bikeleague.org/programs/bicyclefriendlyamerica. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
24. Alliance for Biking and Walking. http://www.peoplepoweredmovement.org/site. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
25. Bicycle Transportation Alliance. Bike Friendly Communities Report Card. http://bta4bikes.org/at_work/reportcard.php. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
26. BYPAD: Bicycle Policy Audit. http://www.bypad.org/cms_site.phtml?id=552&sprache=en. Accessed Aug. 1, 2011.
27. Krykewycz G.R., Pollard C., Canzoneri N., and He E. Web-Based “Crowdsourcing” Approach to Improve Areawide “Bikeability” Scoring. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2245, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011, pp. 1–7.
28. Ingram D. R. The Concept of Accessibility: A Search for an Operational Form. Regional Studies, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1971, pp. 101–107.
29. Broach J., Gliebe J. P., and Dill J. Bicycle Route Choice Model Developed from Revealed-Preference GPS Data. Presented at 90th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., 2011.
30. Quality/Level of Service Handbook. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, 2009.

Cite article

Cite article

Cite article

OR

Download to reference manager

If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice

Share options

Share

Share this article

Share with email
EMAIL ARTICLE LINK
Share on social media

Share access to this article

Sharing links are not relevant where the article is open access and not available if you do not have a subscription.

For more information view the Sage Journals article sharing page.

Information, rights and permissions

Information

Published In

Article first published online: January 1, 2012
Issue published: January 2012

Rights and permissions

© 2012 National Academy of Sciences.
Request permissions for this article.

Authors

Affiliations

Michael B. Lowry
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Idaho, Box 441022, Moscow, ID 83844.
Daniel Callister
Bioregional Planning and Community Design, University of Idaho, Box 441022, Moscow, ID 83844.
Maureen Gresham
Idaho Transportation Department, P.O. Box 7129, Boise, ID 83707.
Brandon Moore
Department of Geography, University of Idaho, Box 441022, Moscow, ID 83844.

Notes

Metrics and citations

Metrics

Journals metrics

This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.

VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICS

Article usage*

Total views and downloads: 853

*Article usage tracking started in December 2016


Altmetric

See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores



Articles citing this one

Receive email alerts when this article is cited

Web of Science: 0

Crossref: 70

  1. Exploring Neighborhood Differences in Bicycling Accessibility to Physi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  2. Reclaiming site analysis from co-sensing to co-ideation: A collective ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  3. Connected bikeability in London: Which localities are better connected...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  4. Understanding children's cycling route selection through spatial traje...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  5. Beyond the big city: using a systems approach to cultivate a cycling c...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  6. Stplanpy: A sustainable transportation planner for Python
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  7. Evaluating Bicycling Environments with Trajectory Data on Shared Bikes...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  8. A Planning Practice Method to Assess the Potential for Cycling and to ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  9. A Hybrid Model for Evaluating the Bikeability of Urban Bicycle Systems
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  10. A Planning Support System for Boosting Bikeability in Seoul
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  11. Comparing E-Bike Users’ Perceptions of Safety: The Case of Lausanne, S...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  12. Built environment bikeability as a predictor of cycling frequency: Les...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  13. Towards an electric scooter level of service: A review and framework
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  14. A multicriteria methodology for maintenance planning of cycling infras...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  15. Where to improve cycling infrastructure? Assessing bicycle suitability...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  16. Bikeway network design model considering utilitarian and recreational ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  17. Geospatial indicators of bikeability index as cyclefriendly city desig...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  18. Understanding bikeability: a methodology to assess urban networks
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  19. A novel methodology for micromobility system assessment using multi-cr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  20. Understanding the effect of sociodemographic, natural and built enviro...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  21. From bike to electric bike level-of-service
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  22. Cycling Analytics for Urban Environments: From Vertical Models to Hori...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  23. Bike Count Forecast Model with Multimodal Network Connectivity Measure...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  24. Electric bike navigation comfort in pedestrian crowds
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  25. A multi-class, multi-criteria bicycle traffic assignment model
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  26. A GIS-Based Method of the Assessment of Spatial Integration of Bike-Sh...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  27. Bikeability and Emerging Phenomena in Cycling: Exploratory Analysis an...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  28. Towards a pattern language for cycling environments: merging variables...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  29. The morphology and circuity of walkable, bikeable, and drivable street...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  30. Walkability Mobility: Re-envisioning Non-motorized Transport (NMT) in ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  31. Routing for safer rides: a space syntax approach to predict bicycle co...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  32. The Munich Bikeability Index: A Practical Approach for Measuring Urban...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  33. Determining If Walkability and Bikeability Indices Reflect Pedestrian ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  34. Developing an urban bikeability index for different types of cyclists ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  35. Evaluation Model for the Level of Service of Shared-Use Paths Based on...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  36. A cycling-focused accessibility tool to support regional bike network ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  37. Bicycle network performance: Assessing the directness of bicycle facil...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  38. How to ‘do’ a bike plan: Collating best practices to synthesise a Matu...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  39. Expanding the Scope of the Bicycle Level-of-Service Concept: A Review ...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  40. A Bicycle Origin–Destination Matrix Estimation Based on a Two-Stage Pr...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  41. Development of a biking index for measuring Mediterranean cities mobil...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  42. An approach to imputing destination activities for inclusion in measur...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  43. Towards safer bicyclist responses to the presence of a truck near an u...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  44. Bikeway prioritization to increase bicycle network connectivity and bi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  45. Cycle accessibility and level of traffic stress: A case study of Toron...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  46. Attributes of Perceived Bikeability in a Compact Urban Neighborhood Ba...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  47. Bikeability in Basel
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  48. Low-stress bicycling connectivity: Assessment of the network build-out...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  49. Quantifying e-bike applicability by comparing travel time and physical...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  50. Implementing Low-Stress Bicycle Routing in National Accessibility Eval...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  51. Bicycle Level of Service for Route Choice—A GIS Evaluation of Four Exi...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  52. Modeling Bikeability of Urban Systems
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  53. Bicycle-Route Choice Model Incorporating Distance and Perceived Risk
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  54. Assessing area-wide bikeability: A grey analytic network process
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  55. Bikeability – Urban structures supporting cycling. Effects of local, u...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  56. Two-Stage Bicycle Traffic Assignment Model
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  57. How bicycle level of traffic stress correlate with reported cyclist ac...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  58. Estimating level of service of mid-block bicycle lanes considering mix...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  59. Quantifying bicycle network connectivity
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  60. Does bicycle network level of traffic stress (LTS) explain bicycle tra...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  61. Concept of social agent-based cycling monitoring system for smart city
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  62. Prioritizing new bicycle facilities to improve low-stress network conn...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  63. Using mental mapping to unpack perceived cycling risk
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  64. Level of Service Concepts in Multimodal Environments
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  65. Bikeway Networks: A Review of Effects on Cycling
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  66. Categorizing bicycling environments using GPS-based public bicycle spe...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  67. Using Bicycle Level of Service for Decision Making...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  68. Using Origin–Destination Centrality to Estimate Directional Bicycle Vo...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  69. Tools and Strategies for Wide-Scale Bicycle Level-of-Service Analysis
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar
  70. Characteristics of Multimodal Conflicts in Urban On-Street Bicycle Lan...
    Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar

Figures and tables

Figures & Media

Tables

View Options

Get access

Access options

If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:


Alternatively, view purchase options below:

Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.

Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.

View options

PDF/ePub

View PDF/ePub