User Equilibrium–Based Location Model of Rapid Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles with Batteries that have Different States of Charge
Abstract
A model was developed for the location of rapid charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) in urban areas, taking into account the batteries’ state of charge and users’ charging and traveling behaviors. EVs are one means of preparing for the energy crisis and of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To help relieve range anxiety, an adequate number of EV charging stations must be constructed. Rapid charging stations are needed in urban areas because there is inadequate space for slow-charging equipment. The objective function of the model is to minimize EVs’ travel fail distance and the total travel time of the entire network when the link flow is determined by a user equilibrium assignment. The remaining fuel range (RFR) at the origin node is assumed to follow a probabilistic distribution to reflect users’ charging behavior or technical development. The results indicate that the model described in this paper can identify locations for charging stations by using a probabilistic distribution function for the RFR. The location model, which was developed on the basis of user equilibrium assignment, is likely to consider the congested traffic conditions of urban areas, to avoid locating charging stations where they could cause additional traffic congestion. The proposed model can assist decision makers in developing policies that encourage the use of EVs, and it will be useful in developing an appropriate budget for implementing the plan.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. Boulanger A. G., Chu A. C., Maxx S., and Waltz D. L. Vehicle Electrification: Status and Issues. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 99, No. 6, 2011, pp. 1116–1138.
2. Morrow K., Karner D., and Francfort J. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure. INL/EXT-08–15058. Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, 2008.
3. Chan C. C. The State of the Art of Electric, Hybrid, and Fuel Cell Vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 95, No. 4, 2007, pp. 704–718.
4. Lin Z., and Greene D. L. Promoting the Market for Plug-In Hybrid and Battery Electric Vehicles: Role of Recharge Availability. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2252, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011, pp. 49–56.
5. Chen T. D., Kockelman K. M., and Khan M. Locating Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Parking-Based Assignment Method for Seattle, Washington. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2385, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2013, pp. 28–36.
6. Frade I., Ribeiro A., Gonçalves G., and Antunes A. P. Optimal Location of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles in a Neighborhood in Lisbon, Portugal. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, No. 2252, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies, Washington, D.C., 2011, pp. 91–98.
7. Ge S., Feng L., and Liu H. The Planning of Electric Vehicle Charging Station Based on Grid Partition Method. Presented at International Conference on Electrical and Control Engineering, Yichang, China, Sept. 16–18, 2011.
8. Hanabusa H., and Horiguchi R. A Study of the Analytical Method for the Location Planning of Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles. Presented at Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems: 15th International Conference, Kaiserslautern, Germany, Sept. 12–14, 2011.
9. Ip A., Fong S., and Liu E. Optimization for Allocating BEV Recharging Stations in Urban Areas by Using Hierarchical Clustering. Presented at 6th International Conference on Advanced Information Management and Service, Seoul, South Korea, Nov. 30–Dec. 2, 2010.
10. Wang Y. Locating Battery Exchange Stations to Serve Tourism Transport: A Note. Transportation Research Part D, Vol. 13, 2008, pp. 193–197.
11. London's Electric Vehicle Infrastructure Strategy. Greater London Authority, Dec. 2009.
12. Wiederer A., and Philip R. Policy Options for Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure in C40 Cities. 2010. http://www.innovations.harvard.edu/cache/documents/11089/1108934.pdf.
13. Berman O., Larson R. C., and Fouska N. Optimal Location of Discretionary Service Facilities. Transportation Science, Vol. 26, No. 3, 1992, pp. 201–211.
14. Hodgson M. J. A Flow-Capturing Location-Allocation Model. Geographical Analysis, Vol. 22, No. 3, 1990, pp. 270–279.
15. Kim J. G. Location of Refueling Stations for Alternative Fuel Vehicles Considering Driver Deviation Behavior and Uneven Consumer Demand: Model, Heuristics, and GIS. PhD dissertation. Arizona State University, Tempe, 2010.
16. Kim J., and Kuby M. The Deviation-Flow Refueling Location Model for Optimizing a Network of Refueling Stations. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 37, 2012, pp. 5406–5420.
17. Kuby M., and Lim S. The Flow-Refueling Location Problem for Alternative-Fuel Vehicles. Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, Vol. 39, 2005, pp. 125–145.
18. Kuby M., and Lim S. Location of Alternative-Fuel Stations Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model and Dispersion of Candidate Sites or Arcs. Networks and Spatial Economics, Vol. 7, 2007, pp. 129–152.
19. Kuby M., Lines L., Schultz R., Xie Z., Kim J. G., and Lim S. Optimization of Hydrogen Stations in Florida Using the Flow-Refueling Location Model. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 34, No. 15, 2009, pp. 6045–6064.
20. Upchurch C., Kuby M., and Lim S. A Model for Location of Capacitated Alternative-Fuel Stations. Geographical Analysis, Vol. 41, 2009, pp. 85–106.
21. Wang Y., and Lin C. Locating Road-Vehicle Refueling Stations. Transportation Research Part E, Vol. 45, 2009, pp. 821–829.
22. Wang Y., and Wang C. Locating Passenger Vehicle Refueling Stations. Transportation Research Part E, Vol. 46, 2010, pp. 791–801.
23. Wang C., Yang J., Liu N., and Mao Y. Study on Siting and Sizing of Battery-Switch Station. 4th International Conference on Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, Weihai, China, 2011, pp. 657–662.
24. Capar I., and Kuby M. An Efficient Formulation of the Flow Refueling Location Model for Alternative-Fuel Stations. Institute of Industrial Engineers Transactions, Vol. 44, No. 8, 2012, pp. 622–636.
25. Daskin M. S. Network and Discrete Location: Models, Algorithms, and Applications. Wiley, New York, 1995.
26. Sheffi Y. Urban Transportation Networks: Equilibrium Analysis with Mathematical Programming Methods. Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1985.
27. LeBlanc L. J., Morlok E. K., and Pierskalla W. P. An Efficient Approach to Solving the Road Network Equilibrium Traffic Assignment Problem. Transportation Research, Vol. 9, No. 5, 1975, pp. 309–318.
28. Bar-Gera H. Transportation Network Test Problems. http://www.bgu.ac.il/∼bargera/tntp/. Accessed Oct. 13, 2013.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: January 1, 2014
Issue published: January 2014
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Journals metrics
This article was published in Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
VIEW ALL JOURNAL METRICSArticle usage*
Total views and downloads: 114
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Altmetric
See the impact this article is making through the number of times it’s been read, and the Altmetric Score.
Learn more about the Altmetric Scores
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 0
Crossref: 23
- Deploying Fast Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles in Urban ...
- An electric vehicle charging station access equilibrium model with M/D...
- Optimal planning of flood‐resilient electric vehicle charging stations
- A Transportation Network Design Model for Battery Electric Vehicles Co...
- Analysis of activity duration-related charging behavioral responses of...
- A variable neighborhood descent with ant colony optimization to solve ...
- Optimal Planning of Charging Stations in Coupled Transportation and Po...
- Charging station location problem: A comprehensive review on models an...
- Stochasticity and environmental cost inclusion for electric vehicles f...
- Charging Station Allocation for Electric Vehicle Network Using Stochas...
- Application of Hexagonal Fuzzy MCDM Methodology for Site Selection of ...
- A Review of Different Charging Stations Optimal Localization Models an...
- A bi-level approach for the optimal planning of charging stations and ...
- Optimal planning of charging stations and electric vehicles traffic as...
- Electric vehicle charging station locations: Elastic demand, station c...
- Optimal locations of U.S. fast charging stations for long-distance tri...
- Electric vehicle charging infrastructure planning in a road network
- Benders-and-Price approach for electric vehicle charging station locat...
- Locating multiple types of charging facilities for battery electric ve...
- Incorporating driving range variability in network design for refuelin...
- Refueling station location problem with traffic deviation considering ...
- Optimization models for placement of an energy-aware electric vehicle ...
- Optimal site selection of electric vehicle charging station by using f...
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Get access
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
loading institutional access options
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
