Generic Speed–Flow Models for Basic Freeway Segments on General-Purpose and Managed Lanes in Undersaturated Flow Conditions

This paper presents a generic set of undersaturated speed–flow models for basic freeway segments on general purpose and managed lanes (MLs) consistent with the Highway Capacity Manual 2010 (HCM 2010). The proposed models predict segment space mean speed under a wide set of freeway operational conditions that can affect its free-flow speed (FFS) and capacity. Furthermore, the proposed models allow quantifying the impacts of nonrecurring events, such as severe weather conditions, incidents, and work zones on the speed–flow relationship. In addition, the model allows calibration of real-world facilities through adjustments to FFS and capacity. The incorporation of analyses of reliability and active traffic and demand management in the HCM context requires a set of speed–flow models capable of accounting for the effect of nonrecurring sources of congestion. Currently, the HCM 2010 provides a set of speed–flow models to predict space mean speed and consequently other freeway performance measures. This family of equations provides a limited adjustment to FFS. With guidance from NCHRP Project 3-96, separate speed–flow models are proposed for MLs through use of a different form from that in the HCM. The proposed generic equations describing the speed–flow relationship provide consistency between speed–flow relationships of managed and general purpose lanes and can incorporate any capacity or FFS adjustments to predict segment speed under different circumstances. The proposed generic equations are wholly consistent with the speed–flow models in the HCM 2010 and predict the same speed under any flow rate.