The Persistence of Class Inequality: The Portuguese Labour Force at the Turn of the Millennium

First Published November 30, 2015 Research Article

Authors

ISCTE-IUL; EUROSTAT; ISCTE-IUL
by this author
,
ISCTE-IUL; EUROSTAT; ISCTE-IUL
by this author
,
ISCTE-IUL; EUROSTAT; ISCTE-IUL
by this author
First Published Online: November 30, 2015

The aim of this article is to analyse the structural changes and continuities in Portuguese society over the two decades from 1988-2008. Although modernisation processes have intensified, the country still has a highly polarised social structure. This study included a multiple correspondence analysis and a cluster analysis, using sociological variables collected in a national database that covers all Portuguese companies. Developing this approach made it possible to not only produce different sociological profiles of social and class inequality, but also compare the structural changes in the labour force in these two decades (private sector). The study shows that although the space of social positions was mainly formed by three large socio-professional groups in both 1988 and 2008, their size and social composition changed, reflecting the social and economic trends experienced by Portuguese society in this period.

Acemoglu, D and Autor, D (2010) ‘Skills, tasks and technologies: Implications for employment and earnings’, NBER Working Paper No. 16082.
Google Scholar
Antunes, R (2011) ‘The social space of health inequalities in Portugal’, Social Theory & Health, Vol. 9, No. 4, p. 393409. [doi:10.1057/sth.2011.17]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Atkinson, A B (2008) The Changing Distribution of Earnings in OECD Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press. [doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199532438.001.0001]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Atkinson, W , Roberts, S and Savage, M (2012) (eds.) Class Inequality in Austerity Britain: Power, Difference and Suffering. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar
Atkinson, W (2010) Class, Individualization and Late Modernity: in Search of the Reflexive Worker. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. [doi:10.1057/9780230290655]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Autor, D H and Levy, F , Murnane, R J (2003) ‘The skill content of recent technological change: An empirical exploration’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 116, No. 4, p. 12791333. [doi:10.1162/003355303322552801]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bennett, T , Savage, M , Silva, E , Warde, A , Gayo-Cal, M and Wright, D (2009) Culture, Class, Distinction. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bihr, A and Pfefferkorn, R (2008) Le Syst×me des Inégalités. Paris: La Découverte.
Google Scholar
Bol, T and Werfhorst, H G (2011) ‘Signals and closure by degrees: The education effect across 15 European countries’, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, Vol. 29, No. 1, p. 119132. [doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2010.12.002]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bourdieu, P (1979) La Distinction. Paris: Éditions de Minuit.
Google Scholar
Carmo, R M (2013) ‘Polycentrism as a multi-scalar relationship between urban and rural areas: the case of Portugal’, European Planning Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, p. 149166. [doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.722912]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Carmo, R M , Nunes, N (2013) ‘Class and social capital in Europe: a transnational analysis of the European Social Survey’, European Societies, Vol. 15, No. 3, p. 373387. [doi:10.1080/14616696.2012.691171]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Carvalho, M (2011) ‘A persistência das desigualdades remuneratórias de género nas empresas portuguesas: 1988-2008’, http://observatorio-das-desigualdades.cies.iscte.pt/index.jsp?page=projects&id=116.
Google Scholar
Carvalho, H (2008) Análise Multivariada de Dados Qualitativos. Lisbon: Ediçõ es Sílabo.
Google Scholar
Castells, M (2000) The Rise of the Network Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Google Scholar
Costa, A F (2012) Desigualdades Sociais Contemporâneas. Lisboa: Editora Mundos Sociais.
Google Scholar
Crompton, R (2003) ‘Class and gender beyond the cultural turn’, Sociologia, Problemas e Práticas, No. 42, p. 924.
Google Scholar
Crompton, R (2010) ‘Class and unemployment’, Work, Employment and Society, Vol. 24, No. 1, p. 926. [doi:10.1177/0950017009353667]
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Cuesta, M B , Salverda, W (2007) ‘Low pay incidence and mobility in the Netherlands - exploring the role of personal, job and employer characteristics’, Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Labour Studies, Working Paper Number 06/46.
Google Scholar
Erikson, R and Goldthorpe, J H (1993) The Constant Flux: A Study of Class Mobility in Industrial Societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Google Scholar
FerrãO, J (1996) Três décadas de consolidação do Portugal demográfico moderno, in Barreto, A (Ed.) A Situaçã o Social em Portugal, 1960-1995, Lisbon: ICS, p.165190.
Google Scholar
Giddens, A (2007) Europe in the Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Google Scholar
Hartog, J , Pereira, P T , Vieira, J A C (2001), ‘Changing returns to education in Portugal during the 1980s and early 1990s: OLS and quantile regression estimators’, Applied Economics, No. 33, p. 102137. [doi:10.1080/00036840122679]
Google Scholar
Kierzenkowski, R and Koske, I (2012), ‘Less income inequality and more growth - are they compatible? Part 8. The drivers of labour income inequality - a literature review’, OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 931, OECD Publishing.
Google Scholar
Lareau, A , Dalton, C (2008) (eds.) Social Class: How does it Work. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Google Scholar
Lovell, T (2004), ‘Bourdieu, class and gender: ‘The return of the living dead?”, The Sociological Review, No. 52, p. 3556. [doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2005.00523.x]
Google Scholar
Machado, F L , Costa, A F (1998) Processos de uma modernidade inacabada, mudanças estruturais e mobilidade social, in Viegas, J M , Costa, A F (eds.), Portugal, que modernidade?, Oeiras: Celta Editora, p.1744.
Google Scholar
Marx, K and Engels, F (1997 [1872]) O Manifesto do Partido Comunista. Lisbon: Ediçõ es Avante.
Google Scholar
Nunes, A S (1964) ‘Portugal, sociedade dualista em evoluçã o’, Análise Social, No. 7/8, p. 407462.
Google Scholar
OECD (2011a) Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising. Paris: OECD Publications.
Google Scholar | Crossref
OECD (2011b) Education at a Glance 2011. Paris: OECD Publications.
Google Scholar
Parkin, F (1971) Class Inequality and Political Order. London: Granada.
Google Scholar
Piketty, T (2013) Le Capital au XXI Si×cle. Paris: Seuil.
Google Scholar
Reich, R B (1992) The Work of Nations: Preparing Ourselves for 21st Century Capitalism. New York: Vintage Books.
Google Scholar
Santos, B S (1990) Estado e Sociedade em Portugal (1974-1988). Porto: Edições Afrontamento.
Google Scholar
Sassen, S (2005) New global classes: implications for politics, in Giddens, A , Diamond, P (eds.) The New Egalitarianism, Cambridge: Polity Press, p. 143153.
Google Scholar
Savage, M (2006) ‘Changing Social Class Identities in Post-War Britain: Perspectives from Mass-Observation’ Sociological Research Online, Vol. 12, Issue 3: http://www.socresonline.org.uk/12/3/6.html.
Google Scholar
Savage, M (2000) Class analysis and social transformation. Buckingham: Open University Press.
Google Scholar
Scherger, S and Savage, M (2010), Cultural transmission, educational attainment and social mobility. The Sociological Review, Vol. 58, No. 3, p. 406428. [doi:10.1111/j.1467-954x.2010.01927.x]
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Sayer, A (2002) ‘What Are You Worth?: Why Class is an Embarrassing Subject’ Sociological Research Online, Vol. 7, Issue 3, [doi:10.5153/sro.738]
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Portugal, Statistics (2008), Empresas em Portugal 2008 (Companies in Portugal 2008), Statistics Portugal Publications.
Google Scholar
Stuber, J (2009) ‘Class, culture and participation in the collegiate extra-curriculum’, Sociological Forum, Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 877900. [doi:10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01140.x]
Google Scholar | Crossref
Therborn, G (ed.) (2006) Inequalities of the World. New Theoretical Frameworks, Multiple Empirical Approaches. London: Verso.
Google Scholar
Weber, M (1978 [1922]) Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Google Scholar
Wright, E O (1997) Class Counts: Comparative Studies in Class Analysis, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Access

    does not have access to this content.

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

SRO-article-ppv for GBP15.00
SRO-article-ppv for $20.00

Cookies Notification

This site uses cookies. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Find out more.
Top