![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Working from a social relationship and life course perspective, we provide generalizable population-based evidence on partnered sexuality linked to cardiovascular risk in later life using national longitudinal data from the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) (N = 2,204). We consider characteristics of partnered sexuality of older men and women, particularly sexual activity and sexual quality, as they affect cardiovascular risk. Cardiovascular risk is defined as hypertension, rapid heart rate, elevated C-reactive protein (CRP), and general cardiovascular events. We find that older men are more likely to report being sexually active, having sex more often, and more enjoyably than are older women. Results from cross-lagged models suggest that high frequency of sex is positively related to later risk of cardiovascular events for men but not women, whereas good sexual quality seems to protect women but not men from cardiovascular risk in later life. We find no evidence that poor cardiovascular health interferes with later sexuality for either gender.
References
|
Agresti, Alan, Finley, Barbara. 2009. Statistical Methods for the Social Sciences. 4th Ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Bancroft, John, Vukadinovic, Zoran. 2004. “Sexual Addition, Sexual Compulsivity, Sexual Impulsivity, or What? Toward a Theoretical Model.” Journal of Sex Research 41(3):225–34. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brody, Stuart . 2010. “The Relative Health Benefits of Different Sexual Activities.” Journal of Sexual Medicine 7(4 pt1):1336–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Burman, Bonnie, Margolin, Gayla. 1992. “Analysis of the Association between Marital Relationships and Health Problems: An Interactional Perspective.” Psychological Bulletin 112(1):39–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Butt, Dorcas Susan . 1990. “The Sexual Response as Exercise.” Sports Medicine 9(6):330–43. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Carpenter, Laura M. 2015. “Studying Sexualities from a Life Course Perspective.” Pp. 65–89 in Handbook of the Sociology of Sexualities, edited by DeLamater, J., Plante, R. F. New York: Springer Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carpenter, Laura M., DeLamater, John, eds. 2012. Sex for Life: From Virginity to Viagra, How Sexuality Changes throughout our Lives. New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cheitlin, Melvin D. 2003. “Sexual Activity and Cardiovascular Disease.” American Journal of Cardiology 92(9):3–8. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cohen, S. 2004. “Social Relationships and Health.” American Psychologist 59(8):676–84. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cornwell, Erin York, Waite, Linda J. 2012. “Social Network Resources and Management of Hypertension.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53(2):215–31. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Curtis, Brian M., O’Keefe, James H. 2002. “Autonomic Tone as a Cardiovascular Risk Factor: The Dangers of Chronic Fight or Flight.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings 77(1):45–54. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dahabreh, Issa J., Paulus, Jessica K. 2011. “Association of Episodic Physical and Sexual Activity with Triggering of Acute Cardiac Events Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.” Journal of the American Medical Association 305(12):1225–33. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
DeLamater, John . 2012. “Sexual Expression in Later Life: A Review and Synthesis.” The Journal of Sex Research 49(2–3):125–41. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
DeLamater, John, Karraker, Amelia. 2009. “Sexual Functioning in Older Adults.” Current Psychiatry Reports 11(1):6–11. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
DeLamater, John, Sill, Morgan. 2005. “Sexual Desire in Later Life.” The Journal of Sex Research 42(2):138–49. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dimmeler, Stefanie, Zeiher, Andreas M. 2003. “Exercise and Cardiovascular Health Get Active to “AKTivate” Your Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase.” Circulation 107(25):3118–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Dogan, Tayfun, Tugut, Nilufer, Golbasi, Zehra. 2013. “The Relationship between Sexual Quality of Life, Happiness, and Satisfaction with Life in Married Turkish Women.” Sex Disability 31(3):239–47. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
dos Santos, Roger Lyrio, da Silva, Fabrício Bragança, Ribeiro, Rogério Faustino, Stefanon, Ivanita. 2014. “Sex Hormones in the Cardiovascular System.” Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation 18(2):89–103. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Ebrahim, Shah, May, Margaret, Shlomo, Y. Ben, McCarron, P., Frankel, S., Yarnell, J., Smith, G. Davey. 2002. “Sexual Intercourse and Risk of Ischaemic Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease: The Caerphilly Study.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 56(2):99–102. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ein-Dor, Tsachi, Hirschberger, Gilad. 2012. “Sexual Healing: Daily Diary Evidence That Sex Relieves Stress for Men and Women in Satisfying Relationships.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 29(1):126–39. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Elder, Glen H., O’Rand, Angela M. 1995. “Adult Lives in a Changing Society.” Pp. 452–75 in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, edited by Cook, K. S., Fine, G. A., House, J. S. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Erickson, Rebecca. J. 2005. “Why Emotion Work Matters: Sex, Gender, and the Division of Household Labor.” Journal of Marriage and Family 67(2):337–51. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Everson-Rose, Susan A., Lewis, Tené T. 2005. “Psychosocial Factors and Cardiovascular Diseases.” Annual Review of Public Health 26:469–500. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Exton, Michael S., Bindert, Anne, Kruger, Tillmann, Scheller, Friedmann, Hartmann, Uwe, Schedlowski, Manfred. 1999. “Cardiovascular and Endocrine Alterations after Masturbation-induced Orgasm in Women.” Psychosomatic Medicine 61(3):280–89. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Finkel, Steven E. 2004. “Cross-lagged.” Pp. 229–30 in The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods, edited by Lewis-Beck, M. S., Bryman, A., Futing Liao, T. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. Google Scholar | |
|
Fisher, Terri D. 2012. What Sexual Scientists Know about Gender Differences and Similarities in Sexuality. Whitehall, PA: Society for the Scientific Study of Sexuality. Google Scholar | |
|
Frappier, Julie, Toupin, Isabelle, Levy, Joseph J., Aubertin-Leheudre, Mylene, Karelis, Antony D. 2013. “Energy Expenditure during Sexual Activity in Young Healthy Couples.” PLoS one 8(10):e79342. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fuhrera, Rebecca, Stansfeld, Stephen A. 2002. “How Gender Affects Patterns of Social Relations and the Impact on Health: A Comparison of One or Multiple Souces of Support from ‘Close Persons.’” Social Science & Medicine 54(5):811–25. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Galinsky, Adena M., McClintock, Martha K., Waite, Linda J. 2014. “Sexuality and Physical Contact in National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project Wave 2.” The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 69(2):S83–98. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Galinsky, Adena M., Waite, Linda J. 2014. “Sexual Activity and Psychological Health as Mediators of the Relationship between Physical Health and Marital Quality.” Journals of Gerontology: Social Sciences 69:482–92. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gallo, Linda C., Troxel, Wendy M., Matthews, Karen A., Kuller, Lewis H. 2003. “Marital Status and Quality in Middle-aged Women: Associations with Levels and Trajectories of Cardiovascular Risk Factors.” Health Psychology 22(5):453–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Go, Alan S.. on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics . 2014. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2014 Update: A Report from the American Heart Associa-tion.” Circulation 129:e28–292. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hammack, Phillip L. 2005. “The Life Course Development of Human Sexual Orientation: An Integrative Paradigm.” Human Development 48(5): 267–90. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Harvey, John, Wenzel, Amy, Sprecher, Susan. 2004. “Introduction.” Pp. 3–6. In The Handbook of Sexuality in Close Relationships, edited by Harvey, J., Wenzel, A., Sprecher, S. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Heckman, James J. 1979. “Sample Selection Bias as a Specification Error.” Econometrica 47(1):153–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Iveniuk, James, Cagney, Kathleen A., O'Muircheartaigh, Colm. 2016. “Religious Influence on Older American's Sexual Lives: A Nationally Representative Profile.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 45(1):121–31. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Izzo, Joseph L., Black, Henry R., eds. 2003. Hypertension Primer: The Essentials of High Blood Pressure. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Google Scholar | |
|
Jaarsma, Tiny, Dracup, Kathleen, Walden, Julie, Stevenson, Lynne Warner. 1996. “Sexual Function in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure.” Heart & Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care 25(4):262–70. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kalmijn, Matthijs . 2003. “Shared Friendship Networks and the Life Course: An Analysis of Survey Data on Married and Cohabiting Couples.” Social Networks 25(3):231–49. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Karraker, Amelia, John, DeLamater. 2013. “Past Year Sexual Inactivity among Older Married Persons and their Partners.” Journal of Marriage and Family 75(1):142–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kashdan, Todd B., Adams, Leah M., Farmer, Antonina S., Ferssizidis, Patty, McKnight, Patrick E., Nezlek, John B. 2014. “Sexual Healing: Daily Diary Investigation of the Benefits of Intimate and Pleasurable Sexual Activity in Socially Anxious Adults” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43(7):1417–29. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K., Newton, Tamara L. 2001. “Marriage and Health: His and Hers.” Psychological Bulletin 127(4):472–503. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kinsey, Alfred Charles, Pomeroy, Wardell Baxter, Martin, Clyde Eugene. 1998. Sexual Behavior in the Human Male. Bloomington, IL: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Korhonen, Päivi Elina, Ettala, Otto, Kautiainen, Hannu, Kantola, Ilkka. 2015. “Factors Modifying the Effect of Blood Pressure on Erectile Function.” Journal of Hypertension 33(5):975–80. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Kruger, Tillmann, Exton, Michael S., Pawlak, Cornelius, von zur Muhlen, Alexander, Hartmann, Uwe, Schedlowski, Manfred. 1998. “Neuroendocrine and Cardiovascular Response to Sexual Arousal and Orgasm in Men.” Psychoneuroendocrinology 23(4):401–11. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lakatta, Edward G., Levy, Daniel. 2003. “Arterial and Cardiac Aging: Major Shareholders in Cardiovascular Disease Enterprises Part I: Aging Arteries: A ‘Set Up’ for Vascular Disease.” Circulation 107(1):139–46. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Laumann, Edward O., Das, Aniruddha, Waite, Linda J. 2008. “Sexual Dysfunction among Older Adults: Prevalence and Risk Factors from a Nationally Representative U.S. Probability Sample of Men and Women 57 to 85 Years of Age.” Journal of Sexual Medicine 5(10):2300–11. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Laumann, Edward O., Paik, Anthony, Glasser, Dale B., Kang, Joeng-Han, Wang, Tianfu, Levinson, Bernard, Moreira, Edwon D., Nicolosi, Alfredo, Gingell, Clive. 2006. “A Cross-national Study of Subjective Sexual Well-being among Older Women and Men: Findings from the Global Study of Sexual Attitudes and Behaviors.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 35(2):145–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lawrance, Kelli-an, Byers, E. Sandra. 1992. “Development of the Interpersonal Exchange Model of Sexual Satisfaction in Long Term Relationships.” Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 1(3):123–8. Google Scholar | |
|
Levin, Roy J. 2007. “Sexual Activity, Health and Well-being—The Beneficial Roles of Coitus and Masturbation.” Sexual and Relationship Therapy 22(1):135–48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Levine, Glenn N.. on behalf of the American Heart Association Council on Clinical Cardiology Council on Cardiovascular Nursing Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, and Council on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research . 2012. “Sexual Activity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association.” Circulation 125:1058–72. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lindau, Stacy Tessler, Gavrilova, Natalia. 2010. “Sex, Health, and Years of Sexually Active Life Gained Due to Good Health: Evidence from Two US Population Based Cross Sectional Surveys of Ageing.” British Medical Journal 340(2):c810. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Lindau, Stacy Tessler, Schumm, L. Philip, Laumann, Edward O., Levinson, Wendy, O’Muircheartaigh, Colm A., Waite, Linda J. 2007. “A Study of Sexuality and Health among Older Adults in the United States.” The New England Journal of Medicine 357(8):762–74. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Liu, Hui, Umberson, Debra. 2008. “The Times They Are a Changin’: Marital Status and Health Differentials from 1972 to 2003.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 49(3):239–53. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Liu, Hui, Waite, Linda. 2014. “Bad Marriage, Broken Heart? Age and Gender Differences in the Link between Marital Quality and Cardiovascular Risks among Older Adults.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 55(4):403–23. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Magon, Navneet, Kalra, Sanjay. 2011. “The Orgasmic History of Oxytocin: Love, Lust, and Labor.” Indian Journal of Endocrinology & Metabolism 15(Suppl. 3):S156–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Masters, William H., Johnson, Virginia E. 1966. Human Sexual Response. New York: Bantam Books Google Scholar | |
|
McEwen, Bruce S., Stellar, Eliot. 1993. “Stress and the Individual: Mechanisms Leading to Disease.” Archives of Internal Medicine 153(18):2093–101. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Milhausen, Robin R., Herold, Edward S. 1999. “Does the Sexual Double Standard Still Exist? Perceptions of University Women.” The Journal of Sex Research 36(4):361–8. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mittleman, Murray A., Maclure, Malcolm, Tofler, Geoffrey H., Sherwood, Jane B., Goldberg, Robert J., Muller, James E. for the Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators . 1993. “Triggering of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Heavy Physical Exertion—Protection against Triggering by Regular Exertion.” New England Journal of Medicine 329(23):1677–83. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mozzafarian, Dariush., on behalf of the American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee . 2015. “Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics—2015 Update: A Report from the American Heart Association.” Circulation 131:e29–322. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Muller, James E., Mittleman, Murray A., Maclure, Malcolm, Sherwood, Jane B., Tofler, Geoffrey H. 1996. “Triggering Myocardial Infarction by Sexual Activity: Low Absolute Risk and Prevention by Regular Physical Exertion” The Journal of the American Medical Association 275(18):1405–9. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Muthén, L., Muthén, B. 2007. Mplus User’s Guide. 3rd ed. Los Angeles: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Myers, Jonathan . 2003. “Exercise and Cardiovascular Health.” Circulation 107(1):e2–5. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Nallanathan, Bhairavi, McDade, Thomas, Williams, Sharon, Lindau, Stacy Tessler. 2008. Dried Blood Spot Measurement of C-reactive Protein in Wave I of the National Social Life, Health & Aging Project (NSHAP). Chicago: NORC and the University of Chicago. Google Scholar | |
|
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute . 2003. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Google Scholar | |
|
Pearson, Thomas A., Mensah, George A., Alexander, R. Wayne, Anderson, Jeffrey L., Cannon, Richard O., Criqui, Michael, Fadl, Yazid Y., Fortmann, Stephen P., Hong, Yuling, Myers, Gary L., Rifai, Nader, Smith, Sidney C., Taubert, Kathryn, Tracy, Russell P., Vinicor, Frank. 2003. “Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association.” Circulation 107(3):499–511. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Radloff, Lenore Sawyer . 1977. “The CES-D Scale: A Self-report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population.” Applied Psychological Measurement 1(3):385–401. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Ridker, Paul M. 2003. “Clinical Application of C-reactive Protein for Cardiovascular Disease Detection and Prevention.” Circulation 107(3):363–9. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Robles, Theodore F., Kiecolt-Glaser, Janice K. 2003. “The Physiology of Marriage: Pathways to Health.” Physiology and Behavior 79(3):409–16. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Safi, Arshad M., Rachko, Maurice, Yeshou, Dima, Stein, Rishard A. 2002. “Sexual Activity as a Trigger for a Ventriclar Tachycardia in a Patient with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 31(3):295–9. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Salmon, Peter . 2001. “Effects of Physical Exercise on Anxiety, Depression, and Sensitivity to Stress: A Unifying Theory.” Clinical Psychology Review 21(1):33–61. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Satcher, David . 2001. “The Surgeon General’s Call to Action to Promote Sexual Health and Responsible Sexual Behavior.” American Journal of Health Education 32(6):356–68. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schnarch, David M. 1991. Constructing the Sexual Crucible: An Integration of Sexual and Marital Therapy. New York: Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Schwartz, Amy R., Gerin, William, Davidson, Karina W., Pickering, Thomas G., Brosschot, Jos F., Thayer, Julian F., Christenfeld, Nicholas, Linden, Wolfgang. 2003. “Toward a Causal Model of Cardiovascular Responses to Stress and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease.” Psychosomatic Medicine 65(1):22–35. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Schwarz, E. R., Rodriguez, J. 2005. “Sex and the Heart.” International Journal of Impotence Research 17:S4–6. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Smith, George Davey, Frankel, Stephen, Yarnell, John. 1997. “Sex and Death: Are They Related? Findings from the Caerphilly Cohort Study.” BMJ 315(7123):1641–4. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Sprecher, Susan . 2002. “Sexual Satisfaction in Premarital Relationships: Associations with Satisfaction, Love, Commitment, and Stability.” Journal of Sex Research 39(3):190–6. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stein, Richard A. 2000. “Cardiovascular Response to Sexual Activity.” The American Journal of Cardiology 86(2):27–9. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stroope, Samuel, McFarland, Michael J., Uecker, Jeremy E. 2015. “Marital Characteristics and the Sexual Relationships of U.S. Older Adults: An Analysis of National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project Data.” Archives of Sexual Behavior 44(1): 233–47. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Taylor, Shelley E., Klein, Laura Cousino, Lewis, Brian P., Gruenewald, Tara L., Gurung, Regan A.R., Updegraff, John A. 2000. “Biobehavioral Responses to Stress in Females: Tend-and-befriend, not Fight-or-flight.” Psychological Review 107(3):411–29. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Umberson, Debra, Montez, Jennifer Karas. 2010. “Social Relationships and Health: A Flashpoint for Health Policy.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 51(1 suppl):S54–66. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Waite, Linda J., Cagney, Kathleen, Dale, William, Huang, Elbert, Laumann, Edward O., McClintock, Martha, O’Muircheartaigh, Colm A., Schumm, L. Phillip, Cornwell, Benjamin. 2014. National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP): Wave 2 and Partner Data Collection. ICPSR34921-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Google Scholar | |
|
Waite, Linda J., Charme, Cameron. 2015. “Sexuality over the Lifecourse.” Pp. 840–45 in International Encyclopedia for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. 2nd Ed., Vol. 21. London: Elsevier Ltd. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Waite, Linda J., Joyner, Kara. 2001. “Emotional Satisfaction and Physical Pleasure in Sexual Unions: Time Horizon, Sexual Behavior and Sexual Exclusivity.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 63(1):247–64. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Waite, Linda J., Laumann, Edward O., Levinson, Wendy, Lindau, Stacy Tessler, O'Muircheartaigh, Colm A. 2014. National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project (NSHAP): Wave 1. ICPSR20541-v6. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor]. Google Scholar | |
|
Walen, Heather R., Lachman, Margie E. 2000. “Social Support and Strain from Partner, Family, and Friends: Costs and Benefits for Men and Women in Adulthood.” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 17(1):5–30. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wellman, Barry, Wortley, Scot. 1990. “Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support.” American Journal of Sociology 96(3):558–88. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
West, Loraine A., Cole, Samantha, Goodkind, Daniel, He, Wan. 2014. 65+ in the United States: 2010. (Current Population Reports P23-212, U.S. Census Bureau). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
World Health Organization . 1995. Physical Status: The Use and Interpretation of Anthropometry. Geneva: Author. Google Scholar | |
|
Xu, Lin, Freeman, Guy, Cowling, Benjamin J., Schooling, C. Mary. 2013. “Testosterone Therapy and Cardiovascular Events among Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Placebo-controlled Randomized Trials.” BMC Medicine 11(1):108. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zhang, Zhenmei, Hayward, Mark D. 2006. “Gender, the Marital Life Course, and Cardiovascular Health in Late Midlife.” Journal of Marriage and Family 68(3):639–57. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
