Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the detrimental influence of residential segregation on poor inner-city residents. This study examines the impact of residential segregation on the welfare of populations in US metropolitan areas using economic growth as the indicator. Panel data of US metropolitan areas spanning 25 years, 1980–2005, are used to analyse the effect of segregation on economic growth. The results show that both racial and skill segregation have a negative impact on short- and long-term economic growth, which have increased over time. Further, the negative impact of the variables associated with spatial mismatch is also revealed. The results clearly point to the need for mobility policies that favour non-White households and comprehensive strategies that promote economic opportunities in low-resource communities in the US.
References
|
Acemoglu, D. (2002) Technical change, inequality and the labor market, Journal of Economic Literature, 40, pp. 7–72. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Adelman, I. (1961) Theories of Economic Growth and Development. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Autor, D., Katz, L. F., Kearney, M. S. (2006) The polarization of the U.S. labor market, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 96, pp. 189–194. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Autor, D., Katz, L. F., Kearney, M. S. (2007) Trends in U.S. wage inequality: revising the revisionists. Working paper. Google Scholar | |
|
Autor, D., Levy, F., Murnane, R. P. (2003) The skill content of recent technological change: an empirical investigation, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 118, pp. 1279–1333. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Baum, C. L. (2009) The effects of vehicle ownership on employment, Journal of Urban Economics, 66, pp. 151–163. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Baump-Snow, N. (2007) Did highways cause suburbanization?, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 122, pp. 241–63. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Bayer, P., Ross, S. L., Topa, G. (2008) Place of work and place of residence: informal hiring networks and labor market outcomes, Journal of Political Economy, 116, pp. 1150–1196. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Benabou, R. (1993) Working in a city: location, education and production, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108, pp. 619–652. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Berman, E., Bound, J., Griliches, Z. (1994) Changes in the demand for skilled labor within U.S. manufacturing industries: evidence from the annual survey of manufacturing, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(2), pp. 367–397. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Blumemberg, E., Manville, M. (2004) Beyond the spatial mismatch hypothesis: welfare recipients and transportation policy, Journal of Planning Literature, 19, pp. 182–205. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Briggs, X. de S. (Ed.) (2005) The Geography of Opportunities. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Calvó-Armengol, A., Jackson, M. O. (2004) The effects of social networks on employment and inequality, American Economic Review, 94, pp. 426–454. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Calvó-Armengol, A., Zenou, Y. (2005) Job matching, social network and word-of-mouth communication, Journal of Urban Economics, 57, pp. 500–522. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Coulton, C. J., Wang, C. J., Su, M. (1996) Geographic concentration of affluence and poverty in 100 metropolitan areas, 1990, Urban Affairs Review, 32, pp. 186–216. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Cullingworth, J. B. (2008) Planning in the USA: Policies, Issues, and Processes, 3rd edn. Taylor & Francis e-library. Google Scholar | |
|
Dawkins, C. J. (2007) Space and the measurement of income segregation, Journal of Regional Science, 47, pp. 255–272. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Downs, A. (1994) New Visions for Metropolitan America. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dreier, P., Mollenkopf, J., Swanstrom, T. (2002) Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-first Century. Lawrence, KS: University of Press of Kansas. Google Scholar | |
|
Farley, R., Frey, W. (1994) Changes in the segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s: small steps towards a more integrated society, American Sociological Review, 59, pp. 23–45. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fernandez, R. M., Su, C. (2004) Space in the study of labor markets, Annual Review of Sociology, 30, pp. 545–569. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fischer, M. J. (2003) The relative importance of income and race in determining residential outcomes in U.S. urban areas, 1970–2000, Urban Affairs Review, 38, pp. 669–696. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Frisken, F. (2001) The Toronto story: sober reflections of fifty years of experiments with regional governance, Journal of Urban Affairs, 23, pp. 513–541. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gautier, P. A., Zenou, Y. (2010) Car ownership and the labor market of ethnic minorities, Journal of Urban Economics, 67, pp. 392–403. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Glaeser, E., Kahn, M. (2001) Decentralized employment and the transformation of the American city, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2, pp. 1–63. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Glaeser, E., Shapiro, J. (2003) City growth: which places grew and why, in: Berube, A., Katz, B., Lang, R. E. (Eds) Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, pp. 13–32. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Glaeser, E., Vigdor, J. (2003) Racial segregation: promising news, in: Berube, A., Katz, B., Lang, R. E. (Eds) Redefining Urban and Suburban America: Evidence from Census 2000, pp. 211–234. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gobillon, L., Selod, H., Zenou, Y. (2007) The mechanisms of spatial mismatch, Urban Studies, 44, pp. 2401–2427. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, H. (2001) State and country supported car ownership programs can help low-income families secure and keep jobs. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, Washington, DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Goldsmith, W. W., Blakely, E. J. (2010) Separate Societies: Poverty and Inequality in the US Cities. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Goss, J. (1995) ‘We know who you are and we know where you live’: the instrumental rationality of geodemographic systems, Economic Geography, 71, pp. 171–198. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Granovetter, M. S. (1973) The strength of weak ties, American Journal of Sociology, 78, pp. 1360–1380. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Grossman, G., Helpman, E. (1991) Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hanlon, B., Short, J., Vicino, T. (2010) Cities and Suburbs. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hess, D. B. (2005) Access to employment for adults in poverty in the Buffalo–Niagara region, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 1177–1200. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Holzer, H. J. (1987) Informal job search and black youth unemployment, American Economic Review, 77, pp. 446–452. Google Scholar | ISI | |
|
Holzer, H. J. (1988) Search method use by unemployed youth, Journal of Labor Economics, 6, pp. 1–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Holzer, H. J. (1991) The spatial mismatch hypothesis: what has the evidence shown?, Urban Studies, 28, pp. 105–122. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Holzer, H. J., Ihlanfeldt, K. R., Sjoquist, D. L. (1994) Work, search, and travel among white and black youth, Journal of Urban Economics, 35, pp. 320–345. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hughes, M. A. (1991) Employment decentralization and accessibility: a strategy for stimulating regional mobility, Journal of the American Planning Association, 57, pp. 288–298. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Iceland, J. (2004) Beyond Black and White: metropolitan residential segregation in multiethnic America, Social Science Research, 33, pp. 248–271. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ihlanfeldt, K. R., Sjoquist, D. L. (1998) The spatial mismatch hypothesis: a review of recent studies and the implications for welfare reform, Housing Policy Debate, 9(4), pp. 849–892. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jargowsky, P. A. (1996) Take the money and run: economic segregation in U.S. metropolitan areas, American Sociological Review, 61, pp. 948–998. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kain, J. F. (1968) Housing segregation, negro employment and metropolitan decentralization, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 82, pp. 175–197. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kain, J. F. (1992) The spatial mismatch hypothesis: three decades later, Housing Policy Debate, 3, pp. 371–460. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kain, J. F. (2004) A pioneer’s perspective on the spatial mismatch literature, Urban Studies, 41, pp. 7–32. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kantor, P. (2006) Regionalism and reform: a comparative perspective on Dutch urban politics, Urban Affairs Review, 41, pp. 800–829. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kasarda, J. (1990) Structural factors affecting the location and timing of urban underclass growth, Urban Geography, 11, pp. 234–264. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kasinitz, P., Rosenberg, J. (1996) Missing the connection: social isolation and employment on the Brooklyn waterfront, Social Problems, 43, pp. 180–196. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Katz, L., Autor, D. (1999) Changes in the wage structure and earnings inequality, in: Ashenfelter, O., Card, D. (Eds) Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, pp. 1463–1555. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Korsu, E., Wenglenski, S. (2010) Job accessibility, residential segregation and risk of long-term unemployment in the Paris region, Urban Studies, 47, pp. 2279–2324. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Levy, F., Murnane, R. J. (2004) The New Division of Labor: How Computers are Creating the Next Job Market. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Liu, C. Y. (2009) Ethnic enclave residence, employment, and commuting of Latino workers, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 28, pp. 600–625. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lucas, R. E. (1988) On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22, pp. 3–42. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Manning, A. (2004) We can work it out: the impact of technological change on the demand for low-skill workers, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 5, pp. 581–608. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Massey, D. S. (1996) The age of extremes: concentrated affluence and poverty in the twenty-first century, Demography, 33, pp. 395–412. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Massey, D. S., Denton, N. A. (1993) American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Massey, D. S., Fischer, M. J. (2003) The geography of inequality in the United States, 1950–2000, Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2003, pp. 1–30. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mazzolari, F., Ragusa, G. (2007) Spillovers from high-skill consumption to low-skill labor markets. Discussion Paper No. 3048, IZA, Bonn. Google Scholar | |
|
National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (1968) Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Preston, V., McLafferty, S. (1999) Spatial mismatch research in the 1990s: progress and potential, Papers in Regional Science, 78, pp. 387–402. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Raphael, S., Rice, L. (2002) Car ownership, employment, and earnings, Journal of Urban Economics, 52, pp. 109–130. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Raphael, S., Stoll, M. (2010) Job sprawl and the suburbanization of poverty. Metropolitan Policy Program, The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Ribeiro, M.-J. (2000) A nonscale growth model with R & D and human capital accumulation. Economic Research Papers, No. 574, University of Warwick. Google Scholar | |
|
Romer, P. M. (1990) Capital, labor and productivity, in Baily, M. N., Winston, C. (Eds) Brookings Papers in Economic Activities: Microeconomics, pp. 317–367. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sanchez, T. W. (1999) The connection between public transit and employment: the cases of Portland and Atlanta, Journal of the American Planning Association, 65, pp. 284–296. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Savitch, H. V., Vogel, R. (2004) Suburbs without a city: power and city–county consolidation, Urban Affairs Review, 39, pp. 758–790. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Schumpeter, J. A. (1939) Business Cycles, Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Shen, Q. (1998) Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers, Environment and Planning B, 25, pp. 345–365. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Shorrocks, A., Wan, G. (2005) Spatial decomposition of inequality, Journal of Economic Geography, 5, pp. 59–81. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Squires, G. D., Kubrin, C. E. (2005) Privileged places: race, uneven development and the geography of opportunity in urban America, Urban Studies, 42, pp. 47–68. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Stegman, M. A. (1997) The rationale for a national urban policy, Papers in Regional Science, 76(1), pp. i–vi. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Swanstrom, T., Casey, C., Flack, R., Dreier, P. (2004) Pulling apart: economic segregation among suburbs and central cities in major metropolitan areas. The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Taylor, B. D., Ong, P. M. (1995) Spatial mismatch or automobile mismatch? An examination of race, residence and commuting in US metropolitan areas, Urban Studies, 32, pp. 1453–1473. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Teitz, M., Chapple, K. (1998) The causes of inner-city poverty: eight hypotheses in search of reality, Cityscape, 3, pp. 33–70. Google Scholar | |
|
Thompson, G. L. (1997) How ethnic/racial groups value transit accessibility: modeling inferences from Dade County. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning, Fort Lauderdale, FL. Google Scholar | |
|
Voith, R. (1998) Do suburbs need cities?, Journal of Regional Science, 38(3), pp. 445–464. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Watson, T. (2006) Metropolitan growth, inequality, and neighborhood segregation by income. Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs, 2006, pp. 1–52. Google Scholar | |
|
Weinberg, B. A. (2000) Black residential centralization and the spatial mismatch hypothesis, Journal of Urban Economics, 48, pp. 110–134. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weiss, M. J. (1988) The Clustering of America. New York: Harper and Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Wilson, W. J. (1987) The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Wyly, E., Glickman, N., Lahr, M. (1998) A top 10 list of things to know about American cities, Cityscape, 3, pp. 7–32. Google Scholar |

