![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Correlates of use and subsequent sexual attitudes and behaviors predicted by exposure to sexually explicit content (i.e., pornography and erotica) in adult magazines, X-rated movies, and the Internet were examined in a prospective survey of a diverse sample of early adolescents (average age at baseline = 13.6 years; N = 967). Two-thirds (66%) of males and more than one-third (39%) of females had seen at least one form of sexually explicit media in the past year. At baseline, being black, being older, and having less-educated parents, lower socioeconomic status, and high need for sensation were related to greater exposure for both males and females. Longitudinal analyses showed that early exposure for males predicted less progressive gender role attitudes, more permissive sexual norms, sexual harassment perpetration, and having oral sex and sexual intercourse two years later. Early exposure for females predicted subsequently less progressive gender role attitudes, and having oral sex and sexual intercourse. Implications for healthy sexual socialization are discussed.
|
Ashby, S.L. , Arcari, C.M. , & Edmonson, M.B. (2006). Television viewing and risk of sexual initiation by young adolescents. Archives of Pediatric Adolescent Medicine, 160, 375-380. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Aubrey, J. , Harrison, K. , Kramer, L. , & Yellin, J. (2003). Variety vs. timing: Gender differences in college students' sexual expectations as predicted by exposure to sexually oriented television. Communication Research, 30(4), 432-460. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Barone, C. , Ickovics, J.R. , Ayers, T.S. , Katz, S.M. , Voyce, C.K. , & Weissberg, R.P. (1996). High-risk sexual behavior among young urban students. Family Planning Perspectives, 28(2), 69-74. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Brosius, H.B. , Weaver, J.B. , & Staab, J.F. (1993). Exploring the social and sexual "reality" of contemporary pornography. Journal of Sex Research, 30(2), 161-170. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brown, D. , & Bryant, J. (1989). The manifest content of pornography. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 3-24). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Brown, J.D. , Halpern, C.T. , & L'Engle, K.L. (2005). Mass media as a sexual super peer for early maturing girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(5), 420-427. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brown, J. , L'Engle, K. , Pardun, C. , Guo, G. , Kenneavy, K. , & Jackson, C. (2006). Sexy media matter: Exposure to sexual content in music, movies, television and magazines predicts black and white adolescents' sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 117, 1018-1027. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bryant, J. , & Brown, D. (1989). Uses of pornography. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 25-55). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Check, J.V.P. , & Guloien, T.H. (1989). Reported proclivity for coercive sex following repeated exposure to sexually violent pornography, nonviolent dehumanizing pornography, and erotica. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 159-184). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Collins, R. , Elliott, M. , Berry, S. , Kanouse, D. , Kunkel, D. , Hunter, S. , et al. (2004). Watching sex on television predicts adolescent initiation of sexual behavior. Pediatrics, 114(3), E280-E289. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cowan, G. , & Dunn, K.F. (1994). What themes in pornography lead to perceptions of the degradation of women. Journal of Sex Research, 31(1), 11-21. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cowan, G. , Lee, C. , Levy, D. , & Snyder, D. (1988). Dominance and inequality in X-rated videocassettes . Psychology of Women Quarterly, 12(3), 299-311. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Donohew, L. , Zimmerman, R. , Cupp, P.S. , Novak, S. , Colon, S. , & Abell, R. (2000). Sensation seeking, impulsive decision-making, and risky sex: Implications for risk-taking and design of interventions. Personality and Individual Differences, 28(6), 1079-1091. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Escobar-Chaves, S. , Tortolero, S. , Markham, C. , Low, B. , Eitel, P. , & Thickstun, P. (2005). Impact of the media on adolescent sexual attitudes and behaviors. Pediatrics, 116(1), 303-326. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fineran, S. , & Bennett, L. (1999). Gender and power issues of sexual harassment among teenagers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14(6), 626-641. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Galambos, N.L. , Petersen, A.C. , Richards, M. , & Gitelson, I.B. (1985). The Attitudes Toward Women Scale for Adolescents (AWSA): A study of reliability and validity. Sex Roles, 13, 343-356. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goodson, P. , McCormick, D. , & Evans, A. (2001). Searching for sexually explicit materials on the Internet: An exploratory study of college students' behavior and attitudes . Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(2), 101-118. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Griffiths, M. (2000). Sex on the Internet: Issues, concerns and implications . In C. Von Feilitzen & U. Carlsson (Eds.), Children in the new media landscape: Games, pornography, perceptions (pp. 169-184). Gotenborg, Sweden: UNESCO Clearinghouse on Children and Violence on the Screen . Google Scholar | |
|
Haggstrom-Nordin, E. , Hansom, U. , & Tyden, T. (2005). Associations between pornography consumption and sexual practices among adolescents in Sweden. International Journal of STDs & AIDS, 16, 102-107. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Herrett-Skjellum, J. , & Allen, M. (1996). Television programming and sex stereotyping: A meta-analysis. Communication Yearbook, 19, 157-185. Google Scholar | |
|
Hoyle, R.H. , Fejfar, M.C. , & Miller, J.D. (2000). Reliability and validity of a brief measure of sensation seeking. Personality and Individual Differences , 32(3), 401-414. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Huesmann, L.R. (1997). Observational learning of violent behavior: Social and biosocial processes. In A. Raine (Ed.), Biosocial bases of violence (pp. 69-88). New York: Plenum. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Janghorbani, M. , & Lam, T.H. (2003). The Youth Sexuality Study Task Force: Sexual media use by young adults in Hong Kong: Prevelance and associated factors. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 545-553. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
L'Engle, K.L. , Pardun, C.J. , & Brown, J.D. (2004). Accessing adolescents: A school-recruited home-based approach to conducting media and health research. Journal of Early Adolescence, 24(2), 144-158. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lo, V. , & Wei, R. (2005). Exposure to Internet pornography and Taiwanese adolescents' sexual attitudes and behavior. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 49(2), 221-237. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Malamuth, N. , & Huppin, M. (2005). Pornography and teenagers: Importance of individual differences. Adolescent Medicine Clinics, 16, 315-326. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Mitchell, K.J. , Finkelhor, D. , & Wolak, J. (2003). The exposure of youth to unwanted sexual material on the Internet: A national survey of risk, impact, and prevention. Youth & Society, 34(3), 330-358. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Murnen, S.K. , & Byrne, D. (1991). Hyperfemininity: Measurement and initial validation of the construct. The Journal of Sex Research, 28, 479-489. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nathan, D. (2007). Pornography. Toronto, Canada: Groundwork Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Peter, J. , & Valkenburg, P.M. (2006a). Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit material on the Internet. Communication Research, 33(2), 178-204. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Peter, J. , & Valkenburg, P.M. (2006b). Adolescents' exposure to sexually explicit online material and recreational attitudes toward sex . Journal of Communication, 56, 639-660. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pleck, J.H. , Sonenstein, F.L. , & Ku, L.C. (1994). Attitudes toward male roles among adolescent males: A discriminant validity analysis. Sex Roles, 30, 481-501. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rideout, V. (2001). Generation RX.com: How young people use the Internet for health information. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Google Scholar | |
|
Roberts, D. , & Foehr, U.G. (2004). Kids & media in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Roe, K. (1995). Adolescents' use of socially disvalued media: Towards a theory of media delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(5), 617-631. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rogala, C. , & Tyden, T. (2003). Does pornography influence young women's sexual behavior? Women's Health Issues, 13, 39-43. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance, 2003. (2004). Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Google Scholar | |
|
Sprecher, S. , McKinney, K. , & Orbuch, T.L. (1991). The effect of current sexual-behavior on friendship, dating, and marriage desirability. Journal of Sex Research , 28(3), 387-408. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Steele, J.R. (1999). Teenage sexuality and media practice: Factoring in the influences of family, friends, and school. Journal of Sex Research, 36(4), 331-341. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tolman, D. , Kim, J.L. , Schooler, D. , & Sorsoli, C.L. (2007). Rethinking the association between television viewing and adolescent sexuality development: Bringing gender into focus. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 84. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Traeen, B. , Nilsen, T.S. , & Stigum, H. (2006). Use of pornography in traditional media and on the Internet in Norway. Journal of Sex Research, 43(3), 245-254. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Trostle, L.C. (1993). Pornography as a source of sex information for university students: Some consistent findings. Psychological Reports, 72(2), 407. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tyden, T. , Olsson, S.E. , & Haggstrom-Nordin, E. (2001). Improved use of contraceptives, attitudes toward pornography and sexual harassment among female university students. Women's Health Issues, 11, 87-94. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Varga, C.A. (2003). How gender roles influence sexual and reproductive health among South African adolescents. Studies in Family Planning, 34, 3, 160-172. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ventura, S.J. , Abma, J.C. , Mosher, W.D. , & Henshaw, S. (2004). Estimated pregnancy rates for the United States, 1999-2000: An update. National Vital Statistics Report, 52(3), 1-9. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Ward, L.M. (2003). Understanding the role of entertainment media in the sexual socialization of American youth: A review of empirical research . Developmental Review, 23, 347-388. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Weisskirch, R.S. , & Murphy, L.C. (2004). Friends, porn, and punk: Sensation seeking in personal relationships, Internet activities, and music preference among college students. Adolescence, 39(154), 189-201. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Wingood, G.M. , DiClemente, R.J. , Harrington, K. , Davies, S. , Hook, E.W. , & Oh, M.K. (2001). Exposure to X-rated movies and adolescents' sexual and contraceptive-related attitudes and behaviors. Pediatrics , 107(5), 1116-1119. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zillmann, D. (1989). The effects of prolonged consumption of pornography . In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances and policy considerations (pp. 127-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Zillmann, D. (2000). Influence of unrestrained access to erotica on adolescents' and young adults' dispositions toward sexuality. Journal of Adolescent Health, 27(S), 41-44. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zillmann, D. , & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32(4), 10-21. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Zillmann, D. , & Bryant, J. (1986). Shifting preferences in pornography consumption . Communication Research, 13(4), 560-578. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Zillmann, D. , & Bryant, J. (1988). Effects of prolonged consumption on pornography on family values. Journal of Family Issues, 9(4), 518-544. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Zurbriggen, E.I. , & Morgan, E.M. (2006). Who wants to marry a millionaire? Reality dating television programs, attitudes toward sex, and sexual behaviors. Sex Roles, 54(1-2), 1-17. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
