![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Although a variety of studies have examined the predictors or outcomes of adolescents’ social networking site use, these studies did not incorporate (1) an integrated, longitudinal approach to examine these relationships longitudinally in a single comprehensive model or (2) a differential approach to distinguish between different types of social networking site use. Therefore, this two-wave panel study (N = 1,612) developed an integrated and differential model to provide a deeper understanding of the relationships among loneliness, specific types of Facebook use, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Using structural equation modeling, the results point to the presence of a poor-get-richer effect regarding active public Facebook use but reveal a poor-get-poorer effect regarding passive Facebook use. The discussion focuses on the explanation and understanding of these findings.
References
|
Ahn, J. (2011). The effect of social network sites on adolescents’ social and academic development: Current theories. Advances in Information Science, 62, 1435-1445. doi:10.1002/asi Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Akbulut, Y., Günüç, S. (2012). Perceived social support and Facebook use among adolescents. International Journal of Cyber Behavior, Psychology, and Learning, 2, 30-41. doi:10.4018/ijcbpl.2012010103 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Aldwin, C. M. (2007). Stress, coping, and development: An integrative perspective. New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Angold, A., Erkanli, A., Silberg, J., Eaves, L., Costello, E. J. (2002). Depression scale scores in 8-17-year-olds: Effects of age and gender. Journal of Child Psychology, and Psychiatry, 8, 1052-1063. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00232 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bal, S., Crombez, G., Van Oost, P., Debourdeaudhuij, I. (2003). The role of social support in well-being and coping with self-reported stressful events in adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1377-1395. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bokhorst, C. L., Sumter, S. R., Westenberg, P. M. (2010). Social support from parents, friends, classmates, and teachers in children and adolescents aged 9 to 18 years: Who is perceived as most supportive? Social Development, 19, 417-426. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2009.00540.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Boyd, D. (2011). Social network sites as networked publics: Affordances, dynamics, and implications. In Papacharissi, Z. (Ed.), A networked self: Identity, community, and culture on social network sites (pp. 39-58). New York, NY: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Brodzinsky, D. M., Elias, M. J., Steiger, C., Simon, J., Gill, M., Hitt, J. C. (1992). Coping scale for children and youth: Scale development and validation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 214, 195-214. doi:10.1016/0193-3973(92)90029-H Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burke, M. (2011). Reading, writing, relationships: The impact of social network sites on relationships and well-being (Doctoral dissertation). Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA. Google Scholar | |
|
Burke, M., Kraut, R., Marlow, C. (2011). Social capital on Facebook: Differentiating uses and users. Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 571-580). Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGCHI. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burke, M., Marlow, C., Lento, T. (2010). Social network activity and social well-being. Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 1909-1912). Atlanta, GA: Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) SIGCHI. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140-151. doi:10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Calvete, E., Camara, M., Estevez, A., Villardón, L. (2011). The role of coping with social stressors in the development of depressive symptoms: Gender differences. Anxiety, Stress, & Coping, 24, 387-406. doi:10.1080/10615806.2010.515982 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cheung, G. W., Lau, R. S. (2007). Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models. Organizational Research Methods, 11, 296-325. doi:10.1177/1094428107300343 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chou, H. G., Edge, N. (2012). “They are happier and having better lives than I am”: The impact of using Facebook on perceptions of others’ lives. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 117-121. doi:10.1089/cyber.2011.0324 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Clayton, R. B., Osborne, R. E., Miller, B. K., Oberle, C. D. (2013). Loneliness, anxiousness, and substance use as predictors of Facebook use. Computers in Human Behavior, 29, 687-693. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cobb, S. (1976). Social support as a moderator of life stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 38, 300-314. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cohen, S., Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310-357. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.310 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Copeland, W. E., Shanahan, L., Costello, J. E., Angold, A. (2010). Which childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders predict which young adult disorders? Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 764-772. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.85.which Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., Smit, F., Ravelli, A., Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2000). Psychiatric and sociodemographic predictors of attrition in a longitudinal study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 152, 1039-1047. doi:10.1093/aje/152.11.1039 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
de Jong-Gierveld, J. (1987). Developing and testing a model of loneliness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 119-128. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.53.1.119 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
de Jong-Gierveld, J., Kamphuls, F. (1985). The development of a Rasch-type loneliness scale. Applied Psychological Measurement, 9, 289-299. doi:10.1177/014662168500900307 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
DiTommaso, E., Brannen-McNulty, C., Ross, L., Burgess, M. (2003). Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 303-312. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00190-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
DiTommaso, E., Spinner, B. (1993). The development and initial validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 127-134. doi:10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ellison, N. B., Gray, R., Lampe, C., Fiori, A. T. (2014). Social capital and resource requests on Facebook. New Media & Society, 16, 1104-1121. doi:10.1177/1461444814543998 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., Lampe, C. (2011). Connection strategies: Social capital implications of Facebook-enabled communication practices. New Media & Society, 13, 873-892. doi:10.1177/1461444810385389 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ellison, N. B., Vitak, J. (2015). Social network site affordances and their relationship to social capital processes. In Sundar, S. (Ed.), The handbook of the psychology of communication technology (pp. 205-227). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Feinstein, B., Hershenberg, R. (2013). Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: Rumination as a mechanism. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 2, 161-170. doi:10.1037/a0033111 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117-140. doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Flemish Department of Education . (2015). Statistisch Jaarboek van het Vlaams Onderwijs, Schooljaar 2013-2014 [Statistical Yearbook of Flemish Education, Academic Year 2013-2014]. Brussels, Belgium: Flemish Department of Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Frison, E., Eggermont, S. (2015a). Exploring the relationships between different types of Facebook use, perceived online social support, and adolescents’ depressed mood. Social Science Computer Review, 45, 1-19. doi:10.1177/0894439314567449 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Frison, E., Eggermont, S. (2015b). The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: The role of social support seeking through Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 44, 315-325. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gibson, J. (1986). The ecological approach to visual perception. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Haferkamp, N., Krämer, N. (2011). Social comparison 2.0: Examining the effects of online profiles on social-networking sites. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14, 309-314. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0120 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Hampton, K. N., Goulet, L. S., Rainie, L., Purcell, K. (2011). Social networking sites and our lives. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Google Scholar | |
|
Heinrich, L. M., Gullone, E. (2006). The clinical significance of loneliness: A literature review. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 695-718. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.04.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Honaker, J., King, G. (2010). What to do about missing values in time-series cross-section data. American Journal of Political Science, 54, 561-581. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jelenchick, L., Eickhoff, J., Moreno, M. (2013). “Facebook depression?” Social networking site use and depression in older adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 52, 128-130. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.05.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Katz, E., Haas, H., Gurevitch, M. (1973). On the use of the mass media for important things. American Sociological Review, 38, 164-181. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Koutamanis, M., Vossen, H. G. M., Valkenburg, P. M. (2014, May). Adolescents’ comments in social media: Who receives negative feedback and why? Paper presented at the International Communication Association, Seattle, Washington, DC. Google Scholar | |
|
Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to users’ life satisfaction? Paper presented at the 11th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik, Leipzig, Germany. Google Scholar | |
|
Lazarus, R. S., Folkman, S. (1984). Coping and adaptation. In Gentry, W. D. (Ed.), The handbook of behavioral medicine (pp. 282-325). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Lee, E., Kim, Y. J., Ahn, J. (2014). How do people use Facebook features to manage social capital? Computers in Human Behavior, 36, 440-445. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.007 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media and technology overview 2015. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Google Scholar | |
|
Liu, C., Yu, C. (2013). Can Facebook use induce well-being? Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 16, 674-678. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0301 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Madden, M., Lenhart, A., Cortesi, S., Smith, A., Beaton, M. (2013). Teens, social media, and privacy. Washington, DC: Pew Internet & American Life Project. Google Scholar | |
|
Manago, A. M., Graham, M. B., Greenfield, P. M., Salimkhan, G. (2008). Self-presentation and gender on MySpace. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29, 426-458. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students’ Facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48, 369-380. doi:10.1037/a0026338 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Matook, S., Cummings, J., Bala, H. (2015). Are you feeling lonely? The impact of relationship characteristics and online social network features on loneliness. Journal of Management Information Systems, 31, 278-310. doi:10.1080/07421222.2014.1001282 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Michikyan, M., Dennis, J., Subrahmanyam, K. (2014). Can you guess who I am? Real, ideal, and false self-presentation on Facebook among emerging adults. Emerging Adulthood, 3, 55-64. doi:10.1177/2167696814532442 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Michikyan, M., Subrahmanyam, K., Dennis, J. (2014). Can you tell who I am? Neuroticism, extraversion, and online self-presentation among young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 179-183. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.010 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Morahan-Martin, J., Schumacher, P. (2003). Loneliness and social uses of the Internet. Computers in Human Behavior, 19, 659-671. doi:10.1016/S0747-5632(03)00040-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Murberg, T. A., Bru, E. (2005). The role of coping styles as predictors of depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46, 385-393. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00469.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Oh, H. J., Ozkaya, E., LaRose, R. (2014). How does online social networking enhance life satisfaction? The relationships among online supportive interaction, affect, perceived social support, sense of community, and life satisfaction. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 69-78. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.07.053 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
O’Keeffe, G. S., Clarke-Pearson, K. (2011). The impact of social media on children, adolescents, and family. Pediatrics, 127, 800-804. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-0054 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Olsson, G., von Knorring, A.-L. (1997). Depression among Swedish adolescents measured by the self-rating scale Center for Epidemiology Studies-Depression Child (CES-DC). European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 6, 81-87. doi:10.1007/BF00566670 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Pantic, I., Damjanovic, A., Todorovic, J., Topalovic, D., Bojovic-Jovic, D., Ristic, S., Pantic, S. (2012). Association between online social networking and depression in high school students: Behavioral physiology viewpoint. Psychiatria Danubina, 24, 90-93. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Papacharissi, Z., Mendelson, A. (2011). Toward a new(er) sociability: Uses, gratifications, and social capital on Facebook. In Papathanassopoulos, S. (Ed.), Media perspectives for the 21st century (pp. 212-230). London, England: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Peplau, L. A., Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In Peplau, L. A. (Ed.), Loneliness: A sourcebook of current theory, research and therapy (pp. 1-18). New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Perlman, D., Landolt, M. A. (1999). Examination of loneliness in children-adolescents and in adults: Two solitudes or unified enterprise. In Rotenberg, K., Hymel, S. (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 325-347). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Perse, E. M., Rubin, A. M. (1990). Chronic loneliness and television use. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 34, 37-53. doi:10.1080/08838159009386724 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rueger, S. Y., Malecki, C. K., Demaray, M. K. (2010). Relationship between multiple sources of perceived social support and psychological and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Comparisons across gender. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 47-61. doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9368-6 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ryan, T., Xenos, S. (2011). Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the Big Five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness, and Facebook usage. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 1658-1664. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Schinka, K. C., Van Dulmen, M. H. M., Mata, A. D., Bossarte, R., Swahn, M. (2013). Psychosocial predictors and outcomes of loneliness trajectories from childhood to early adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 1251-1260. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Selfhout, M. H. W., Branje, S. J. T., Delsing, M., ter Bogt, T. F. M., Meeus, W. H. J. (2009). Different types of Internet use, depression, and social anxiety: The role of perceived friendship quality. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 819-833. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.10.011 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Shaw, A. M., Timpano, K. R., Tran, T. B., Joormann, J. (2015). Correlates of Facebook usage patterns: The relationship between passive Facebook use, social anxiety symptoms, and brooding. Computers in Human Behavior, 48, 575-580. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.003 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sheldon, K. M., Abad, N., Hinsch, C. (2011). A two-process view of Facebook use and relatedness need-satisfaction: Disconnection drives use, and connection rewards it. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 766-775. doi:10.1037/a0022407 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sheldon, P. (2008). The relationship between unwillingness-to-communicate and students’ Facebook use. Journal of Media Psychology, 20, 67-75. doi:10.1027/1864-1105.20.2.67 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sheldon, P. (2012). Profiling the non-users: Examination of life-position indicators, sensation seeking, shyness, and loneliness among users and non-users of social network sites. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 1960-1965. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.016 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sippola, L. K., Bukowski, W. M. (1999). Self, other, and loneliness from a developmental perspective. In Rotenberg, K., Hymel, S. (Eds.), Loneliness in childhood and adolescence (pp. 280-295). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smock, A. D., Ellison, N. B., Lampe, C., Wohn, D. Y. (2011). Facebook as a toolkit: A uses and gratification approach to unbundling feature use. Computers in Human Behavior, 27, 2322-2329. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.07.011 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thomaes, S., Reijntjes, A., Orobio de Castro, B., Bushman, B. J., Poorthuis, A., Telch, M. J. (2010). I like me if you like me: On the interpersonal modulation and regulation of preadolescents’ state self-esteem. Child Development, 81, 811-825. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Tobin, S. J., Vanman, E. J., Verreynne, M., Saeri, A. K. (2014). Threats to belonging on Facebook: Lurking and ostracism. Social Influence, 10, 31-42. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Treem, J. W., Leonardi, P. M. (2012). Social media use in organizations: Exploring the affordances of visibility, editability, persistence, and association. Communication Yearbook, 36, 143-189. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2129853 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., Schouten, A. P. (2006). Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 9, 584-590. doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Vanhalst, J., Luyckx, K., Teppers, E., Goossens, L. (2012). Disentangling the longitudinal relation between loneliness and depressive symptoms: Prospective effects and the intervening role of coping. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 810-834. doi:/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.8.810 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., . . . Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 144, 480-488. doi:10.1037/xge0000057 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Vitak, J., Ellison, N. B. (2012). “There’s a network out there you might as well tap”: Exploring the benefits of and barriers to exchanging informational and support-based resources on Facebook. New Media & Society, 15, 243-259. doi:10.1177/1461444812451566 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Vitak, J., Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C. (2011). The ties that bond: Re-examining the relationship between Facebook use and bonding social capital. Proceedings of the 44th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1-10). Washington, DC: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Computer Society. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., Eckles, K. (2012). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Culture, 3, 206-222. doi:10.1037/ppm0000047 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Walther, J. B. (1996). Computer-mediated communication: Impersonal, interpersonal, and hyperpersonal interaction. Communication Research, 23, 3-43. doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wang, J.-L., Jackson, L. A., Gaskin, J., Wang, H.-Z. (2014). The effects of Social Networking Site (SNS) use on college students’ friendship and well-being. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 229-236. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2014.04.051 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Wright, K., Miller, C. (2010). A measure of weak-tie/strong-tie support network preference. Communication Monographs, 77, 500-517. doi:10.1080/03637751.2010.502538 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
