Abstract
Despite the worldwide increase in single-person households, little research has examined what factors contribute to a satisfying single life. We used three data sets (N = 3,890) to examine how satisfaction with sexual and social aspects of life are linked with single people’s perceptions of marriage and singlehood. Our results suggest that higher sexual satisfaction is associated with less desire to marry (Study 1), stronger beliefs that unmarried people can be happy without marriage (Study 2), and greater satisfaction with singlehood and less desire for a partner (Study 3). All effects in Studies 1 and 3 remained significant controlling for life satisfaction and sexual frequency. Satisfying friendships were associated with variables related to satisfaction with singlehood but not variables related to desire for a partner, whereas no effect was found for satisfaction with family. This study highlights the potential importance of maintaining a satisfying sex life in people’s satisfaction with singlehood.
References
|
Adamczyk, K. (2019). Development and validation of a polish-language version of the satisfaction with relationship status scale (ReSta). Current Psychology, 38, 8–20. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Addis, I. B., Van Den Eeden, S. K., Wassel-Fyr, C. L., Vittinghoff, E., Brown, J. S., Thom, D. H., & Reproductive Risk Factors for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK) Study Group . (2006). Sexual activity and function in middle-aged and older women. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 107, 755–764. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Antičević, V., Jokić-Begić, N., Britvić, D. (2017). Sexual self-concept, sexual satisfaction, and attachment among single and coupled individuals. Personal Relationships, 24, 858–868. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Arend, M. G., Schäfer, T. (2019). Statistical power in two-level models: A tutorial based on Monte Carlo simulation. Psychological Methods, 24, 1–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Bakdash, J. Z., Marusich, L. R. (2018). rmcorr: Repeated measures correlation (R Package Version 0.3.0). https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=rmcorr Google Scholar | |
|
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., Walker, S. (2014). Lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4 (R Package Version 1.1–6). http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lme4 Google Scholar | |
|
Bogaert, A. F. (2006). Toward a conceptual understanding of asexuality. Review of General Psychology, 10, 241–250. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Brim, O. G., Ryff, C. D., Kessler, R. C. (2004). The MIDUS national survey: An overview. In Brim, O. G., Ryff, C. D., Kessler, R. C. (Eds.), How healthy are we? A national study of well-being at midlife (pp. 1–34). University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Cockrum, J., White, P. (1985). Influences on the life satisfaction of never-married men and women. Family Relations, 34, 551–556. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Conley, T. D., Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., Ziegler, A. (2013). The fewer the merrier? Assessing stigma surrounding consensually non-monogamous romantic relationships. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13, 1–30. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Diener, E., Gohm, C. L., Suh, E., Oishi, S. (2000). Similarity of the relations between marital status and subjective well-being across cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 419–436. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Dykstra, P. A. (1995). Loneliness among the never and formerly married: The importance of supportive friendships and a desire for independence. The Journals of Gerontology, Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 50, S321–S329. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Falconier, M. K., Jackson, J. B., Hilpert, P., Bodenmann, G. (2015). Dyadic coping and relationship satisfaction: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 42, 28–46. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G* Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41, 1149–1160. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Forsyth, C. J., Johnson, E. L. (1995). A sociological view of the never married. International Journal of Sociology of the Family, 25, 91–104. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Franc, E., Khazaal, Y., Jasiowka, K., Lepers, T., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Rothen, S. (2018). Factor structure of the Cybersex Motives Questionnaire. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7, 601–609. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Furman, W., Buhrmester, D. (2009). Methods and measures: The network of relationships inventory: Behavioral systems version. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 33, 470–478. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Furman, W., Shaffer, L. (2011). Romantic partners, friends, friends with benefits, and casual acquaintances as sexual partners. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 554–564. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Gardner, D. G., Cummings, L. L., Dunham, R. B., Pierce, J. L. (1998). Single-item versus multiple-item measurement scales: An empirical comparison. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 58, 898–915. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Goldey, K. L., Posh, A. R., Bell, S. N., van Anders, S. M. (2016). Defining pleasure: A focus group study of solitary and partnered sexual pleasure in queer and heterosexual women. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 45, 2137–2154. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Himawan, K. K., Bambling, M., Edirippulige, S. (2018). The Asian single profiles: Discovering many faces of never married adults in Asia. Journal of Family Issues, 39, 3667–3689. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hofer, J., Hagemeyer, B. (2018). Social bonding: Affiliation motivation and intimacy motivation. In Heckhausen, J., Heckhausen, H. (Eds.), Motivation and action (3rd ed., pp. 305–334). Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Huinink, J., Brüderl, J., Nauck, B., Walper, S., Castiglioni, L., Feldhaus, M. (2011). Panel analysis of intimate relationships and family dynamics (pairfam): Conceptual framework and design. Zeitschrift für Familienforschung, 23, 77–101. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-376463 Google Scholar | |
|
Jennings, E. A., Axinn, W. G., Ghimire, D. J. (2012). The effect of parents’ attitudes on sons’ marriage timing. American Sociological Review, 77, 923–945. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Joel, S., MacDonald, G., Page-Gould, E. (2018). Wanting to stay and wanting to go: Unpacking the content and structure of relationship stay/leave decision processes. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9, 631–644. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kislev, E. (2020a). Does marriage really improve sexual satisfaction? Evidence from the Pairfam data set. The Journal of Sex Research, 57, 470–481. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Kislev, E. (2020b). How do relationship desire and sociability relate to each other among singles? Longitudinal analysis of the pairfam survey. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407520933000 Google Scholar | |
|
LaHuis, D. M., Hartman, M. J., Hakoyama, S., Clark, P. C. (2014). Explained variance measures for multilevel models. Organizational Research Methods, 17, 433–451. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Lawrance, K. A., Byers, E. S. (1995). Sexual satisfaction in long-term heterosexual relationships: The interpersonal exchange model of sexual satisfaction. Personal Relationships, 2, 267–285. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lehmann, V., Tuinman, M. A., Braeken, J., Vingerhoets, A. J., Sanderman, R., Hagedoorn, M. (2015). Satisfaction with relationship status: Development of a new scale and the role in predicting well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 16, 169–184. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lowman, J., Atchison, C. (2006). Men who buy sex: A survey in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Canadian Review of Sociology, 43, 281–296. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mark, K. P., Herbenick, D., Fortenberry, J. D., Sanders, S., Reece, M. (2014). A psychometric comparison of three scales and a single-item measure to assess sexual satisfaction. The Journal of Sex Research, 51, 159–169. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
McClelland, S. I. (2010). Intimate justice: A critical analysis of sexual satisfaction. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 663–680. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McClelland, S. I. (2011). Who is the “self” in self reports of sexual satisfaction? Research and policy implications. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 8, 304–320. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McFarland, M. J., Uecker, J. E., Regnerus, M. D. (2011). The role of religion in shaping sexual frequency and satisfaction: Evidence from married and unmarried older adults. Journal of Sex Research, 48, 297–308. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Menard, S. (1995). Applied logistic regression analysis. SAGE. Google Scholar | |
|
Menard, S. (2011). Standards for standardized logistic regression coefficients. Social Forces, 89, 1409–1428. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2016). SF3.1: SF1.1: Family size and household composition [PDF file]. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_1_1_Family_size_and_composition.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2019). SF3.1: Marriage and divorce rates [PDF file]. http://www.oecd.org/els/family/SF_3_1_Marriage_and_divorce_rates.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Pepping, C. A., MacDonald, G. (2019). Adult attachment and long-term singlehood. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 105–109. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Regnerus, M., Price, J., Gordon, D. (2017). Masturbation and partnered sex: Substitutes or complements? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 2111–2121. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Rosenthal, R., Rosnow, R. L. (2007). Essentials of behavioral research: Methods and data analysis (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Simpson, R. (2016). Singleness and self-identity: The significance of partnership status in the narratives of never-married women. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 33, 385–400. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Solberg, E., Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Lucas, R. E., Oishi, S. (2002). Wanting, having, and satisfaction: Examining the role of desire discrepancies in satisfaction with income. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83, 725–734. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Spielmann, S. S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J. A., Joel, S., Peragine, D., Muise, A., Impett, E. A. (2013). Settling for less out of fear of being single. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105, 1049–1073. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stokes, J. E., Moorman, S. M. (2017). Influence of the social network on married and unmarried older adults’ mental health. The Gerontologist, 58, 1109–1113. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Štulhofer, A., Buško, V., Brouillard, P. (2010). Development and bicultural validation of the new sexual satisfaction scale. Journal of Sex Research, 47, 257–268. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Sweet, J. A., Bumpass, L. L. (1996). The national survey of families and households—Waves 1 and 2: Data description and documentation. Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison. Google Scholar | |
|
Weston, S. J., Ritchie, S. J., Rohrer, J. M., Przybylski, A. K. (2019). Recommendations for increasing the transparency of analysis of preexisting data sets. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science, 2, 214–227. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Willetts, M. C., Sprecher, S., Beck, F. D. (2004). Overview of sexual practice and attitudes within relational contexts. In Harvey, J. H., Wenzel, A., Sprecher, S. (Eds.), The handbook of sexuality in close relationships (pp. 183–201). Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar |

