![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This article examines the contentious relationship between contemporary Black professional athletes and organizational authority, particularly in the National Football League (NFL) and National Basketball Association (NBA). It considers the rationalization given by both leagues for the rise of stringent guidelines regarding appearance and sportsmanship. The article then focuses on how some Black athletes contest these guidelines, particularly through acts of defiance and an adherence to hip-hop and street culture. The essay concludes by considering the current and possible effects of these players' defiance both for the players themselves and the leagues in which they play.
|
Adande, J.A. (2007, August 31). Stern's approach to referees still needs rethinking. ESPN.com. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/columns/story?columnist=adande_ja&page=sternvegas Google Scholar | |
|
Barker, J. (2005, May 20). House to seek tougher rules on steroid use in pro sports. Baltimore Sun.com. Retrieved November 24, 2007, from http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/bal-te.sp.steroids20may20,0,744007.story Google Scholar | |
|
Battista, J. (2006, March 30). Cost of celebrations rises in the N.F.L . New York Times.com. Retrieved November 23, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/30/sports/football/30nfl.html Google Scholar | |
|
Benet-Weiser, S. (1999, November). Hoop dreams: Professional basketball and the politics of race and gender. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 24, 403-420. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Burwell, B. (2004, November 22). The NBA is hip-hopping its way out of the mainstream. Stltoday.com. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from http://www.stltoday.com Google Scholar | |
|
Clayton, J. (2005, March 30). NFL votes to rein in TD celebrations . ESPN.com. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=2389062 Google Scholar | |
|
Edwards, H. (2003). The Decline of the Black Athlete. In D. K. Wiggin & P. B. Miller (Eds.), The Unlevel Playing Field: A Documentary History of the African American Experience in Sport (pp. 435-441). Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Embry, W. , & Schmitt Boyer, M. (2004). The Inside Game: Race, Power, and Politics in the NBA. Akron, OH: University of Akron Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Feeling Fine: Johnson Shrugs off Latest $10K. (2003, December 17). ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=1688747 Google Scholar | |
|
Ferber, A.L. (2007). The construction of black masculinity: White supremacy now and then. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 31, 11-24. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hebdige, D. (2002). Subculture: The meaning of style. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Hoberman, J. (1997). Darwin's athletes: How sport has damaged Black America and preserved the myth of race. New York: Houghton-Mifflin. Google Scholar | |
|
Isidore, C. (2007, April 13). Green behind decline of Blacks in baseball . CNNMoney.com. Retrieved December 2, 2007, from http://money.cnn.com/2007/04/13/commentary/sportsbiz/index.htm Google Scholar | |
|
Jaynes, D. (2007, July 24). Referee Scandal Isn't a Surprise. Portland Tribune.com. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from http://www.portlandtribune.com/sports/story.php?story_id=118522087715589100 Google Scholar | |
|
Kanazawa, M.T. , & Funk, J.P. (2001, October). Racial discrimination in professional basketball: Evidence from Nielsen Ratings. Economic Inquiry , 39, 599-608. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Knoppers, A. & Anthonissen, A. (2005, July). Male athletic and managerial masculinities: Congruencies in discursive practices. Journal of Gender Studies, 14, 123-135. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lane, J. (2007). Under the boards: The cultural revolution in basketball . Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Leonard, D.J. (2006, May). The real color of money: Controlling Black bodies in the NBA. Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 30, 158-179. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Limbaugh, R. (2007, January 19). The classless NFL culture. The Rush Limbaugh Show.com. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from, http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/estack_12_13_06/the_classless_nfl_culture_.guest.html Google Scholar | |
|
Majors, R. & Billson, J. (1991). Cool Pose: The Dilemmas of Black Manhood in America . Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Maxwell McMillan. Google Scholar | |
|
McMahon, T. (2007, September 26). Tim McMahon's In the Know: T.O. Takes a Shot at Belichick, Patriots. Dallas Morning News.com . Retrieved November 25, 2007, from http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/football/cowboys/stories/091707dnspomacmahon.31cb33e.html Google Scholar | |
|
No Lockout-NBA Labor Agreement Reached. (2005, June 25). MSNBC.com. Associated Press. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/8295646/ Google Scholar | |
|
Pacers' Jackson: Dress Code is Racist. (2005, October 20). MSNBC.com. Associated Press. Retrieved November 17, 2007 from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9730334/ Google Scholar | |
|
Penn, N. (2007, November). It Is the Chad Johnson Show. Gentleman's Quarterly. 172-178. Google Scholar | |
|
Platt, L. (2002). Only the strong survive: The odyssey of Allen Iverson. New York: HarperCollins . Google Scholar | |
|
Potter, R. (2007). History-Spectacle-Resistance. In Simon D. (Ed.), The Cultural Studies Reader (3rd ed., pp. 457-474). London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Prisco, P. (2001, March 26). Player's Don't Know Why NFL Wants Bandanas Banned. CBS Sportsline.com. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://www.cbs.sportsline.com/b/page/pressbox/0,1328,3701793,00.html Google Scholar | |
|
Proposed Dress Code Doesn't Suit Some NBA Players. (2005, October 5). ESPN.com. ESPN news services. Retrieved November 18, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2181671 Google Scholar | |
|
Sheridan, C. (2005, December 8). Union Objects to Long Shorts Fine . ESPN.com. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=2251724 Google Scholar | |
|
Simons, H.D. (2003). Race and penalized behaviors. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 38, 5-22. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Smith, M. (2007, September 17). Sources: Patriots give Belichick long-term extension. ESPN.com. Retrieved November 25, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nfl/news/story?id=3023193 Google Scholar | |
|
The NFL View on Taunting. (2004, October 4). New York Times.com. Retrieved November 20, 2007, from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06EED7143DF937A35753C1A96295826 Google Scholar | |
|
Wallace: Young Players Get Exploited. (2003, December 11)ESPN.com. Associated Press. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/news/story?id=1683689 Google Scholar | |
|
Walton, B. (2003, December 16). Be Gone Rasheed Wallace. ESPN.com. Retrieved November 26, 2007, from http://sports.espn.go.com/nba/columns/story?columnist=walton_bill&id=1687101 Google Scholar | |
|
Watkins, C. (2007, November 8). Towel Costs Dallas Cowboys' Owens $10K. Dallas Morning News. Retrieved November 17, 2007, from http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/football/cowboys/stories/110907dnspocowdate.2d19a8e.html Google Scholar | |
|
Whitlock, J. (2007, October 18). NFL Buffoons Leaving Terrible Legacy . FOX Sports.com. Retrieved November 18, 2007, From http://msn.foxsports.com/nfl/story/7343980?MSNHPHMA Google Scholar |
