Abstract
The current study sought to describe the demographic characteristics of individuals who are willing to consider a transgender individual as a potential dating partner. Participants (N = 958) from a larger study on relationship decision-making processes were asked to select all potential genders that they would consider dating if ever seeking a future romantic partner. The options provided included cisgender men, cisgender women, trans men, trans women, and genderqueer individuals. Across a sample of heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, queer, and trans individuals, 87.5% indicated that they would not consider dating a trans person, with cisgender heterosexual men and women being most likely to exclude trans persons from their potential dating pool. Individuals identifying as bisexual, queer, trans, or non-binary were most likely to indicate a willingness to date a trans person. However, even among those willing to date trans persons, a pattern of masculine privileging and transfeminine exclusion appeared, such that participants were disproportionately willing to date trans men, but not trans women, even if doing so was counter to their self-identified sexual and gender identity (e.g., a lesbian dating a trans man but not a trans woman). The results are discussed within the context of the implications for trans persons seeking romantic relationships and the pervasiveness of cisgenderism and transmisogyny.
References
|
Bauer, G. R., Hammond, R., Travers, R., Kaay, M., Hohenadel, K. M., Boyce, M. (2009). “I don’t think this is theoretical; this is our lives”: How erasure impacts health care for transgender people. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 20, 348–361. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Bettcher, T. M. (2006). Appearance, reality, and gender deception: Reflections on transphobic violence and the politics of pretence. In Murchadha, F. Ó. (Ed.), Violence, victims, justifications: Philosophical approaches. Oxford: Peter Lang. Google Scholar | |
|
Bettcher, T. M. (2014). Trapped in the wrong theory: Rethinking trans oppression and resistance. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 39, 383–406. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Better, A., Simula, B. L. (2015). How and for whom does gender matter? Rethinking the concept of sexual orientation. Sexualities, 18, 665–680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460714561716 Google Scholar | |
|
Bibby, R . (2007). Racial Intermarriage: Canada and the U.S. Press Release. Retrieved from: http://www.reginaldbibby.com/images/PC_9_RACIAL_INTERMARRIAGE_AUG2907.pdf. Google Scholar | |
|
Blair, K. L. (2016). Ethical research with sexual and gender minorities. The SAGE Encyclopedia of LGBTQ Studies, 3, 375–380. Google Scholar | |
|
Blair, K. L., Holmberg, D. (2008). Perceived social network support and well-being in same-sex versus mixed-sex romantic relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25, 769–791. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Blair, K. L., Holmberg, D., Pukall, C. F. (2018). Support processes in same-sex and mixed-sex relationships: Type and source matters. Personal Relationships, 25. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Blair, K. L., Hoskin, R. A. (2015). Experiences of femme identity: Coming out, invisibility and femmephobia. Psychology and Sexuality, 6, 229–244. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Blair, K. L., Hoskin, R. A. (2016). Contemporary understandings of femme identities and related experiences of discrimination. Psychology and Sexuality, 7, 101–115. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Blair, K. L., Pukall, C. F. (2015). Family matters, but sometimes chosen family matters more: Perceived social network influence in the dating decisions of same- and mixed-sex couples. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 24, 257–270. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bockting, W., Benner, A., Coleman, E. (2009). Gay and bisexual identity development among female-to-male transsexuals in North America: Emergence of a transgender sexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 688–701. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brown, N. R. (2009). ‘I’m in transition too’: Sexual identity renegotiation in sexual-minority women’s relationships with transsexual men. International Journal of Sexual Health, 21, 61–77. doi:10.1080/193117610902720766 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brown, N. R. (2010). The sexual relationships of sexual-minority women partnered with trans men: A qualitative study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 561–572. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Brushwood Rose, C., Camilleri, A. (2002). Brazen Femme: Queering Femininity. Vancouver, Canada: Arsenal Pulp. Google Scholar | |
|
Butler, J. (1990). Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York, NY: Routledge. Print. Google Scholar | |
|
Cannon, M. J., Sunseri, L. (2011). Racism, Colonialism, and Indigeneity in Canada. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Canoy, N. A . (2015). ‘Intimacy is not free of charge’: An intersectional analysis of cultural and classed discourses of intimacy among gay and transgender identities. Sexualities, 18, 921–940. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Coontz, S. (2006). Marriage, a History: How Love Conquered Marriage. New York, NY: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
|
Dargie, E., Blair, K. L., Pukall, C. F., Coyle, S. M. (2014). Somewhere under the rainbow: Exploring the identities and experiences of trans persons. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 23, 60–74. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Diamond, L. M. (2014). Gender and same-sex sexuality. In Tolman, D. L., Diamond, L. M. (Eds.), The APA handbook of sexuality and psychology (pp. 629–652). Washington, DC: APA Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Diamond, L. M., Dickenson, J. A., Blair, K. L. (2017). Stability of sexual attractions across different timescales: The roles of bisexuality and gender. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 193–204. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Feeney, B. C., Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19, 113–147. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Fischer, N. L. (2013). Seeing “straight,” contemporary critical heterosexuality studies and sociology: An introduction. The Sociology Quarterly, 54, 501–510. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Foucault, M. (1978). The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York, NY: Random House, Inc. Google Scholar | |
|
Gamarel, K. E., Reisner, S. L., Laurenceau, J. P., Nemoto, T., Operario, D. (2014). Gender minority stress, mental health, and relationship quality: A dyadic investigation of transgender women and their cisgender male partners. Journal of Family Psychology, 28, 437–447. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Glaser, C. L., Robnett, B., Feliciano, C. (2009). Internet daters’ body type preferences: Race–ethnic and gender differences. Sex Roles, 61, 14–33. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Han, C. S. (2008). No fats, femmes or Asians: The utility of critical race theory in examining the role of gay stock stories in the marginalization of gay Asian men. Contemporary Justice Review, 11, 11–22. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hines, S. (2006). Intimate transitions: Transgender practices of partnering and parenting. Sociology, 40, 353–371. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Holmberg, D., Blair, K. L. (2016). Dynamics of perceived social network support for same-sex versus mixed-sex relationships. Personal Relationships, 23, 62–83. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hoskin, R. A. (2017). Femme theory: Refocusing the intersectional lens. Atlantis: Critical Studies in Gender, Culture, and Social Justice, 38, 95–109. Google Scholar | |
|
Hunter, M. L. (2002). “If you’re light, you’re alright” light skin color as social capital for women of color. Gender and Society, 16, 175–193. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Iantaffi, A., Bockting, W. O. (2011). Views from both sides of the bridge? Gender, sexual legitimacy and transgender people’s experiences of relationships. Culture, Health and Sexuality, 13, 355–370. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Jha, S., Adelman, M. (2009). Looking for love in all the white places: A study of skin color preferences on Indian matrimonial and mate-seeking websites. Studies in South Asian Film and Media, 1, 65–83. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Katz, J. (2007). The Invention of Heterosexuality. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Livingston, G., Brown, A. (2017). Trends and patterns in intermarriage. PEW Research Centre. Retrieved from: http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2017/05/18/1-trends-and-patterns-in-intermarriage/. Google Scholar | |
|
McDermott, E. (2010). I wanted to be totally true to myself: Class and the making of the sexual self. In Taylor, Y. (Ed.), Classed intersections: Spaces, selves, knowledges (pp. 199–215). Farnham, England: Ashgate. Google Scholar | |
|
McDermott, D. T., Brooks, A. S., Rohleder, P., Blair, K. L., Hoskin, R. A., McDonagh, L. K. (2018). Ameliorating transnegativity: Assessing the immediate and extended efficacy of a pedagogic prejudice reduction intervention. Psychology and Sexuality, 9, 69–85. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McIntosh, M. (1968). The homosexual role. Social Problems, 16, 182–192. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Meier, S. C., Sharp, C., Michonski, J., Babcock, J. C., Fitzgerald, K. (2013). Romantic relationships of female-to-male trans men: A descriptive study. International Journal of Transgenderism, 14, 75–85. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Melendez, R. M., Pinto, R. (2007). ‘It’s really a hard life’: Love, gender and HIV risk among male-to-female transgender persons. Culture, Ealth and Exuality, 9, 233–245. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Miller, B. (2015). “Dude, where’s your face?” Self-presentation, self-description, and partner preferences on a social networking application for men who have sex with men: A content analysis. Sexuality and Culture, 19, 637–658. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mullinax, M., Herbenick, D., Schick, V., Sanders, S. A., Reece, M. (2015). In their own words: A qualitative content analysis of women’s and men’s preferences for women’s genitals. Sex Education, 15, 421–436. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Pfeffer, C. A. (2008). Bodies in relation–bodies in transition: Lesbian partners of trans men and body image. Journal of Lesbian Studies, 12, 325–345. doi:10.1080/10894160802278184 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Pfeffer, C. A . (2014). ‘I don’t like passing as straight’: Queer negotiations of identity and social memberships. American Journal of Sociology, 120, 1–44. doi:10.1086/677197 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Reisner, S. L., Pardo, S. T., Gamarel, K. E., Hughto, J. M. W., Pardee, D. J., Keto-Meier, C. L. (2015). Substance use to cope with stigma in healthcare among U.S. female-to-male trans masculine adults. LGBT Health, 2, 324–332. doi:10.1080/lgbt.2015.0001 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Rich, A. (1980). Compulsory heterosexuality and the lesbian existence. Signs, 5, 631–660. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Riggs, D. W., von Doussa, H., Power, J. (2015). The family and romantic relationships of trans and gender diverse Australians: An exploratory survey. Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 30, 243–255. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sedgwick, E. K. (2008). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Serano, J. (2007). Whipping girl: A transsexual woman on sexism and the scapegoating of femininity. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Serano, J. (2009, 6 12). Psychology, Sexualization and Trans-Invalidations. Keynote lecture presented at the 8th Annual Philadelphia Trans-Health Conference. Retrieved from: http://www.juliaserano.com/av/Serano-TransInvalidations.pdf. Google Scholar | |
|
Serano, J. (2013). Excluded: Making feminist and queer movements more inclusive. Emeryville, CA: Seal Press. Google Scholar | |
|
van Anders, S. M. (2015). Beyond sexual orientation: Integrating gender/sex and diverse sexualities via sexual configurations theory. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44, 1177–1213. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0490-8 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Vaughn, M., McEntee, B., Schoen, B., McGrady, M. (2015). Addressing disability stigma within the lesbian community. Journal of Rehabilitation, 81, 49–56. Google Scholar | |
|
Westbrook, L., Schilt, K. (2014). Doing gender, determining gender: Transgender people, gender panics, and the maintenance of the sex/gender/sexuality system. Gender and Society, 28, 32–57. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |


