![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This article offers the first large-scale comparative analysis of pupils’ and teachers’ perspectives on homosexuality using two waves (2013 and 2017) of self-collected data through questionnaires issued in eight European countries: Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, the UK, Spain, Poland, Hungary and Turkey. Using these unique data, the authors examine to what extent differences prevail across countries, what mechanisms explain the differences, and how the differences change over time. The results indicate significant differences across countries. Moreover, although a positive trend can be observed between the two waves of the survey, in some countries the general climate towards homosexuality is reversing.
Keywords
References
|
Ahmad, S, Bhugra, D (2010) Homophobia: An updated review of the literature. Sexual and Relationship Therapy 25(4): 447–455. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Andersen, R, Fetner, T (2008) Economic inequality and intolerance: Attitudes toward homosexuality in 35 democracies. American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 942–958. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bakacak, AG, Oktem, P (2014) Homosexuality in Turkey: Strategies for managing heterosexism. Journal of Homosexuality 61(6): 817–846. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Barron, JM, Struckman-Johnson, C, Quevillon, R, Banka, SR (2008) Heterosexual men’s attitudes toward gay men: A hierarchical model including masculinity, openness, and theoretical explanations. Psychology of Men and Masculinity 9(3): 154–166. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bron, J, Loenen, S, Haverkamp, M, Van Vliet, E (2015) Seksualiteit en seskuele diversiteit in de kerndoelen. Utrecht: Nationaal Expertisecentrum Leerplanoontwikkeling. Available at: http://downloads.slo.nl/Repository/Seksualiteit-en-seksuele-diversiteit-in-de-kerndoelen.pdf (accessed 10 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Budapest Pride (2016) The perception of same-sex marriage in Hungarian society. 9 December. Available at: https://budapestpride.com/news/the-perception-of-same-sex-marriage-in-hungarian-society (accessed 10 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Davies, M (2004) Correlates of negative attitudes toward gay men: Sexism, male role norms, and male sexuality. Journal of Sex Research 41(3): 259–266. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
De Witte, K, Holz, O, Geunis, L (eds) (2018) Somewhere over the Rainbow. Münster: Waxmann. Google Scholar | |
|
Donaldson, CD, Handren, LM, La, A. (2017) Applying multilevel modeling to understand individual and cross-cultural variations in attitudes toward homosexual people across 28 European countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 48(1): 93–112. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Drägenstein, B, Schwarze, O, Kapfelsperger, C, Aigner, P (2018) Homosexuality: The history of gender in Germany. In:De Witte, K, Holz, O, Geunis, L (eds) Somewhere over the Rainbow. Münster: Waxmann, pp. 53–76. Google Scholar | |
|
Eeckhout, B, Paternotte, D (2011) A paradise for LGBT rights? The paradox of Belgium. Journal of Homosexuality 58(8): 1058–1084. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Einarsdóttir, A, Hoel, H, Lewis, D (2015) ‘It’s nothing personal’: Anti-homosexuality in the British workplace. Sociology 49(6): 1183–1199. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Ertürk, N, Gürya, B (2018) Being different is not easy in Turkey. In:De Witte, K, Holz, O, Geunis, L (eds) Somewhere over the Rainbow. Münster: Waxmann, pp. 127–135. Google Scholar | |
|
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2014) EU LGBT Survey: European Union Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Survey: Main Results. Luxembourg: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/eu-lgbt-survey-european-union-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-survey-main Google Scholar | |
|
European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (2017) Fundamental Rights Report 2017. Luxembourg: European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Available at: https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2017/fundamental-rights-report-2017 Google Scholar | |
|
EVS (2016) European Values Study 2008: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2008). GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA4800 Data file Version 4.0.0. Google Scholar | |
|
EVS (2018) European Values Study 2017: Integrated Dataset (EVS 2017). GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. ZA7500 Data file Version 1.0.0. Google Scholar | |
|
FELGTB(Federacíon Estatal de Lesbianas, Gais, Transexuales y Bisexuales) (2011) Cómó decírselo a tu familia. Available at: www.felgtb.org/temas/jovenes/documentacion/i/136/291/guia-como-decirselo-a-tu-familia (accessed 15 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Gerhards, J (2010) Non-discrimination towards homosexuality: The European Union’s policy and citizens’ attitudes towards homosexuality in 27 European countries. International Sociology 25(1): 5–28. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Górska, P, Bilewicz, M, Winiewski, M, Waszkiewicz, A (2017) On old-fashioned versus modern homonegativity distinction: Evidence from Poland. Journal of Homosexuality 64(2): 256–272. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Grossman, E (2013) Gendergerechte Bildung und Erziehung in Ungarn. In: EDucation & GEnder. Gendergerechte Bildung und Ereihung in ausgewählten Ländern. Historische Aspekte - Aktulle Trends. Münster: Waxmann, pp. 93–101. Google Scholar | |
|
Guash, O (2011) Social stereotypes and masculine homosexualities: The Spanish case. Sexualities 14(5): 526–543. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Guittar, NA, Pals, H (2014) Intersecting gender with race and religiosity: Do unique social categories explain attitudes toward homosexuality? Current Sociology 62(1): 41–62. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Halman, L, Van Ingen, E (2015) Secularization and changing moral views: European trends in church attendance and views on homosexuality, divorce, abortion, and euthanasia. European Sociological Review 31(5): 616–627. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Herek, GM (1988) Heterosexuals’ attitudes toward and gender differences lesbians and gay men: Correlates and gender differences. Journal of Sex Research 25(4): 451–477. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Herek, GM (2002) Gender gaps in public opinion about lesbians and gay men. Public Opinion Quarterly 66(1): 40–66. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Herek, GM, Capitanio, JP (1996) ‘Some of my best friends’: Intergroup contact, concealable stigma, and heterosexuals’ attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 22(4): 412–424. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hooghe, M, Meeusen, C (2013) Is same-sex marriage legislation related to attitudes toward homosexuality? Trends in tolerance of homosexuality in European countries between 2002 and 2010. Sexuality Research and Social Policy 10(4): 258–268. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
ILGA-Europe (2018) Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Europe 2018. Available at: www.ilga-europe.org/rainboweurope/2018 Google Scholar | |
|
ILGA-Europe (2019) Annual Review of the Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex People in Europe 2019. Available at: www.ilga-europe.org/rainboweurope/2019 Google Scholar | |
|
Keuzenkamp, S, Kuyper, L (2013) Acceptance of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Individuals in the Netherlands 2013. The Hague: The Netherlands Institute for Social Research. Google Scholar | |
|
Kong, TS (2016) The sexual in Chinese sociology: Homosexuality studies in contemporary China. The Sociological Review 64(3): 495–514. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kosciw, JG, Greytak, EA, Bartkiewicz, MJ. (2011) The 2011 National School Climate Survey. The Experience of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth in Our Nation’s Schools. New York: GLSEN. Google Scholar | |
|
Mazrekaj, D, De Witte, K, Cabus, S (2019) School and labour market outcomes among children of same-sex households. Working Paper KU Leuven. Google Scholar | |
|
McCormack, M (2014) The intersection of youth masculinities, decreasing homophobia and class: An ethnography. The British Journal of Sociology 65(1): 130–149. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Oksa, A (2008) Turkish family members’ attitudes toward lesbians and gay men. Sex Roles 58(7): 514–525. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Piekarsk, G (2014) The social situation of LGBT people in Polish schools and the educational system. In: Gender and Education from Different Angle. Zurich and Berlin: LIT Verlag, pp. 204–212. Google Scholar | |
|
Poteat, VP, Espelage, DL, Koenig, BW (2009) Willingness to remain friends and attend school with lesbian and gay peers: Relational expressions of prejudice among heterosexual youth. Journal Youth Adolescence 38(7): 952–962. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Roberts, S, Anderson, E, Magrath, R (2017) Continuity, change and complexity in the performance of masculinity among elite young footballers in England. The British Journal of Sociology 68(2): 336–357. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Robinson, KH, Ferfolja, T (2001) ‘What are we doing this for?’ Dealing with lesbian and gay issues in teacher education. British Journal of Sociology of Education 22(1): 121–133. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Slenders, S, Sieben, I, Verbakel, E (2014) Tolerance towards homosexuality in Europe: Population composition, economic affluence, religiosity, same-sex union legislation and HIV rates as explanations for country differences. International Sociology 29(4): 348–367. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Social and Community Planning Research (1983) British Social Attitudes Survey. UK Data Service. SN: 1935. Google Scholar | |
|
Soriano, Gil MA (2005) La marginacíon homosexual en la España de la transición. Madrid: Egalés. Google Scholar | |
|
Steffens, MC, Wagner, C (2004) Attitudes toward lesbians, gay men, bisexual women, and bisexual men in Germany. Journal of Sex Research 41(2): 137–149. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Steunpunt Gelijkekansenbeleid. Consortium Universiteit Antwerpen en Universiteit Hasselt (2011) Zzzip2 - Onderzoek naar de levenskwaliteit van Vlaamse Holebi’s. Antwerpen: Lithos. Google Scholar | |
|
Stonewall (2014) The Teacher’s Report. Available at: www.stonewall.org.uk/resources/teachers-report-2014–0 (accessed 25 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Štulhofer, A, Rima, I (2009) Determinants of homonegativity in Europe. Journal of Sex Research 46(1): 24–32. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Szalacha, LA (2004) Safer sexual diversity climates: Lessons learned from an evaluation of Massachusetts Safe Schools Program for Gay and Lesbian Students. American Journal of Education 110: 58–88. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
TNS Opinion & Social (2015) Special Eurobarometer 437 ‘Discrimination in the EU in 2015’ – Summary. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/COMMFrontOffice/publicopinion/index.cfm/Survey/getSurveyDetail/instruments/SPECIAL/surveyKy/2077 Google Scholar | |
|
Van den, Akker H, Van der, Ploeg R, Scheepers, P (2013) Disapproval of homosexuality: Comparative research on individual and national determinants of disapproval of homosexuality in 20 European countries. International Journal of Public Opinion Research 25(1): 64–86. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Van der, Bracht K, Van de, Putte B (2014) Homonegativity among first and second generation migrants in Europe: The interplay of time trends, origin, destination and religion. Social Science Research 48: 108–120. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Van Vliet, L (2013) Homojongeren: Acceptatie kan beter. 16 May. Available at: https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/panels/jijvandaag/item/homojongeren-acceptatie-kan-beter/ (accessed 10 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Vlaams Ministerie van Onderwijs en Vorming (2010) VOET @ 2010. Nieuwe vakoverschrijdende eindtermen voor het secundair onderwijs. Available at: www.vlaanderen.be/publicaties/voet-2010-nieuwe-vakoverschrijdende-eindtermen-voor-het-secundair-onderwijs (accessed 15 April 2019). Google Scholar | |
|
Whitley, BE (2001) Gender-role variables and attitudes toward homosexuality. Sex Roles 11/12: 691–721. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Whitley, BE (2009) Religiosity and attitudes toward lesbians and gay men: A meta-analysis. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 19(1): 21–38. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Winkler, JD, Kanouse, DE, War, JE (1982) Controlling for acquiescence response set in scale development. Journal of Applied Psychology 67(5): 555–561. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Worthen, MGF (2012) Understanding college student attitudes toward LGBT individuals. Sociological Focus 45(4): 285–305. Google Scholar | Crossref |
