![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
This paper builds from scholarship on whiteness and white privilege to argue for an expanded focus that includes settler colonialism and white supremacy. We argue that engaging with white supremacy and settler colonialism reveals the enduring social, economic, and political impacts of white supremacy as a materially grounded set of practices. We situate white supremacy not as an artifact of history or as an extreme position, but rather as the foundation for the continuous unfolding of practices of race and racism within settler states. We illustrate this framework through a recent example of a land dispute in the American West.
References
|
Abbott, D (2006) Disrupting the whiteness of fieldwork in geography. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 27(3): 326–341. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ahmed, S (2004) Declarations of whiteness: The non-performativity of anti-racism. borderlands e-journal 3(2). Available at: http://www.borderlands.net.au/vol3no2_2004/ahmed_declarations.htm (accessed 2 October 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Ahmed, S (2012) On Being Included: Racism and Diversity in Institutional Life. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Alderman, DH, Modlin, EA (2014) The historical geography of racialized landscapes. In: Colten, C, Buckley, J (eds) North American Odyssey: Historical Geographies for the Twenty-first Century. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 273–290. Google Scholar | |
|
Alkon, AH, McCullen, CG (2011) Whiteness and farmers markets: Performances, perpetuations … contestations? Antipode 43(4): 937–959. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Allen, R (2004) Whiteness and critical pedagogy. Educational Philosophy and Theory 36: 121–136. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Arvin, M, Tuck, E, Morrill, A (2013) Decolonizing feminism: Challenging connections between settler colonialism and heteropatriarchy. Feminist Formations 25: 8–34. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Baldwin, A (2012) Whiteness and futurity: Towards a research agenda. Progress in Human Geography 36(2): 172–187. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Baptist, E (2014) The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Barraclough, LR (2009) South central farmers and shadow hills homeowners: Land use policy and relational racialization in Los Angeles. The Professional Geographer 61(2): 164–186. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Berg, L (2011) Geographies of identity I: Geography–(neo)liberalism–white supremacy. Progress in Human Geography 36(4): 508–517. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
BLM (Bureau of Land Management) (2015) Fact sheet on BLM’s management of livestock grazing. Available at: http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/grazing.html (accessed 6 February 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Bonds, A (2013) Economic development and relational racialization: ‘Yes in my backyard’ politics and the racialized reinvention of Madras, Oregon. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 103: 1389–1405. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bonnett, A (1997) Geography, ‘race’ and whiteness: Invisible traditions and current challenges. Area 29: 193–199. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bonnett, A (2000) White Identities: Historical and International Perspective. London: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Bringhurst, N (1981) Mormons and slavery: A closer look. Pacific Historical Review 50(3): 328–338. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Brodkin, K (2000) How Jews Became White Folks and What That Says about Race in America. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Byrd, JA (2011) The Transit of Empire: Indigenous Critiques of Colonialism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cacho, LM (2014) The presumption of white innocence. American Quarterly 66(4): 1085–1090. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Crenshaw, K, Gotanda, N, Peller, G, Thomas, K (1995) Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings that Informed the Movement. New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Darden, JT (1995) Black residential segregation since the 1948 Shelley v. Kraemer decision. Journal of Black Studies 25(6): 680–691. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
De Leeuw, S (2014) State of care: The ontologies of child welfare in British Columbia. Cultural Geographies 21(1): 59–78. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
De Leeuw, S, Greenwood, M, Lindsey, N (2013) Troubling good intentions. Settler Colonial Studies 3(3–4): 381–394. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Delgado, R, Stefancic, J (2001) Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. New York: New York University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dempsey, J, Gould, K, Sundberg, J (2011) Changing land tenure, defining subjects: Neoliberalism and property regimes on Native reserves. In: Baldwin, A, Cameron, L, Kobayashi, A (eds) Rethinking the Great White North: Race, Nature, and Historical Geographies of Whiteness in Geography. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Du Bois, WEB (1935) Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880. New York: The Free Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Dwyer, O, Jones, JP (2000) White socio-spatial epistemology. Social & Cultural Geography 1(2): 209–222. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dyer, R (2008) The matter of whiteness. In: Rothenberg, PS (ed.) White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, 3 rd edn. New York: Worth Publishers, 9–14. Google Scholar | |
|
Elkins, C, Pedersen, S (2005) Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century: Projects, Practices, Legacies. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Feagin, JR (2012) White Party, White Government: Race, Class, and US Politics. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Frankenburg, R (1993) White Women, Race Matters: The Social Construction of Whiteness. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Garvey, J (1996) My problem with multi-cultural education. In: Ignatiev, N, Garvey, J (eds) Race Traitor. London: Routledge, 25–34. Google Scholar | |
|
Gearty, R (2014) Nevada officials blast feds over treatment of cattle rancher Cliven Bundy. Available at: http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/04/07/nevada-officials-blast-feds-over-treatment-cattle-rancher-cliven-bundy/ (accessed 2 October 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Gilborn, D (2004) Rethinking white supremacy: Who counts in ‘whiteworld?’ Ethnicities 6: 318–340. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gilmartin, M, Berg, L (2007) Locating postcolonialism. Area 39: 120–124. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gilmore, RW (2002) Fatal couplings of power and difference: Notes on racism and geography. Professional Geographer 54: 15–24. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gilmore, RW (2006) Golden Gulag: Prisons, Surplus, Crisis, and Opposition in Globalizing California. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Giroux, HA (1997) White squall: Resistance and the pedagogy of whiteness. Cultural Studies 11: 376–389. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Goldberg, DT (2002) The Racial State. New York: Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Goldberg, DT (2009) The Threat of Race: Reflections on Racial Neoliberalism. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar | |
|
Hankins, K, Cochran, R, Derickson, K (2012) Making space, making race: Reconstituting white privilege in Buckhead, Atlanta. Social and Cultural Geography 13(4): 379–397. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hixson, W (2013) American Settler Colonialism: A History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Harris, C (2004) How did colonialism dispossess? Comments from an edge of empire. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 94: 165–182 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
hooks b (1989) Talking Back: Thinking Feminist, Thinking Black. Boston, MA: South End Press. Google Scholar | |
|
HoSang, D (2010) Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
HoSang, DM, LaBennett, O, Pulido, L (2012) Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Housel, J (2009) Geographies of whiteness: The active construction of racialized privilege in Buffalo, New York. Social and Cultural Geography 10: 131–151. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hubbard, P (2005) Accommodating otherness. Anti-asylum centre protest and the maintenance of white privilege. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 30: 52–65. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hulse, JW (2004) The Silver State: Nevada’s History Reinterpreted, 3 rd edn. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hunt, S (2014) Ontologies of indigeneity: The politics of embodying a concept. Cultural Geographies 21(1): 27–32. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Hunt, S, Holmes, C (2015) Everyday colonization: Living a decolonizing queer politics. Journal of Lesbian Studies 19: 154–172. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Ignatiev, N, Garvey, J (1996) Race Traitor. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Inwood, JF (2013) Contextualizing the state mode of production in the United States: Race, space, and civil rights. Environment and Planning A 45(9): 2120–2134. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Inwood, JF (2015) Neoliberal racism: The ‘southern strategy’ and the expanding geographies of white supremacy. Social and Cultural Geography 16(4): 407–423. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Inwood, JF, Bonds, A (2013) On racial difference and revolution. Antipode 45: 517–520. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Inwood, JF, Martin, DG (2008) Whitewash: White privilege and racialized landscapes at the University of Georgia. Social and Cultural Geography 9: 373–395. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jackson, P (1998) Constructions of ‘whiteness’ in the geographical imagination. Area 30(2): 99–106. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jarosz, L, Lawson, V (2002) Sophisticated people versus rednecks: Economic restructuring and class difference in America’s West. Antipode 34: 8–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson, AG (2005) Privilege, Power, and Difference, 2nd edn. New York: McGraw Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Kempf, A (2010) Contemporary anticolonialism: A transhistorical perspective. In: Kempf, A (ed.) Breaching the Colonial Contract: Anti-Colonialism in the US and Canada. New York: Springer, 13–34. Google Scholar | |
|
Kobayashi, A, De Leeuw, S (2010) Colonialism and the tensioned landscapes of indigeneity. In: Smith, SJ, Pain, R, Marston, SA, Jones, JP (eds) The Sage Handbook of Social Geographies. London: Sage, 118–138. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kobayashi, A, Peake, L (2000) Racism out of place: Thoughts on whiteness and an antiracist geography in the new millennium. Annals Association of the American Geographers 90: 392–403. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lee-Ashley, M (2014) ‘Cliven Bundy is my hero’, says Nevada congressional candidate. Available at: http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2014/05/28/3442147/cliven-bundy-hero/ (accessed 2 October 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Leonardo, Z (2004) The color of supremacy: Beyond the discourse of ‘white privilege’. Educational Philosophy and Theory 36: 137–152. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lerner, A (2015) Rand Paul meets with rogue rancher Cliven Bundy. Politico, 30 June. Available at: http://www.politico.com/story/2015/06/rand-paul-cliven-bundy-meeting-119576 (accessed 7 October 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Lipitz, G (1995) The possessive investment in whiteness: Racialized social democracy and the ‘white’ problem in American Studies. American Quarterly 47: 369–387. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McCarthy, J (2002) First World political ecology: Lessons from the Wise Use movement. Environment and Planning A 34(7): 1281–1302. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
McGuinness, M (2000) Geography matters? Whiteness and contemporary geography. Area 32(2): 225–230. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McIntosh, P (2004 [1988]) White privilege: Unpacking the invisible knapsack. In: Rothenberg, P (ed.) Race, Class and Gender in the United States, 6th edn. New York: Worth Publishers, 188–192. Google Scholar | |
|
McKittrick, K (2011) On plantations, prisons, and a black sense of place. Social and Cultural Geography 12: 947–963. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mahtani, M (2014) Toxic geographies: Absences in critical race thought and practice in social and cultural geography. Social and Cultural Geography 15(4): 359–367. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Malcolm X Grassroots Foundation (2012) Every 36 hours: Report on the extrajudicial killings of black people by police, security guards or self-appointed law enforcers. Available at: https://mxgm.org/report-on-the-extrajudicial-killings-of-120-black-people/ (accessed 2 October 201). Google Scholar | |
|
Melamed, J (2011) Represent and Destroy: Rationalizing Violence in the New Racial Capitalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mills, C (2003) From Class to Race: Essays in White Marxism and Black Radicalism. New York: Rowman & Littlefield. Google Scholar | |
|
Miranda, ML (1997) A History of Hispanics in Southern Nevada. Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Moreton-Robinson, A (ed.) (2004) Whitening Race: Essays in Social and Cultural Criticism. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Morgensen, S (2011) The biopolitics of settler colonialism: Right here, right now. Settler Colonial Studies 1: 52–76. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nagourney, A (2014) A defiant rancher savors the audience that rallied to his side. New York Times, 23 April, A1. Google Scholar | |
|
Nayak, A (2007) Critical whiteness studies. Sociology Compass 1: 737–755. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Omi, M, Winant, H (1994) Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Pasternak, S (2013) On jurisdiction and settler colonialism: The Algonquins of Barriere Lake against the Federal Land Claims Policy. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Geography, University of Toronto. Google Scholar | |
|
Pasternak, S (2015) How capitalism will save colonialism: The privatization of reserve lands in Canada. Antipode 41(1): 179–196. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Peake, L, Ray, B (2001) Racializing the Canadian landscape: Whiteness, uneven geographies and social justice 1. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe Canadien, 45(1): 180–186. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pulido, L (2000) Rethinking environmental racism: White privilege and urban development in Southern California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 90(1): 12–40. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pulido, L (2002) Reflections on a white discipline. The Professional Geographer 54(1): 42–49. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pulido, L (2006) Black, Brown, Yellow and Left: Radical Activism in Los Angeles. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Pulido, L (2015) Geographies of white supremacy and ethnicity 1: White supremacy vs. white privilege in environmental racism research. Progress in Human Geography Online. DOI: 10.1177/0309132514563008. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rodriguez, D (2011) White supremacy as substructure: Toward a genealogy of a racial animus, from reconstruction to pacification. In: Jung, M, Vargas, J, Bonilla-Silve, E (eds) State of White Supremacy: Racism, Governance, and the United States. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 47–77. Google Scholar | |
|
Roediger, DR (1992) The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
|
Rothenberg, PS (2008) White Privilege: Essential Readings on the Other Side of Racism, 3rd edn. New York: Worth Publishers. Google Scholar | |
|
Schein, R (2006) Landscape and Race in the United States. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Schein, R (2011) Distinguished Historical Geography Lecture, 2011: Life, liberty and the pursuit of historical geography. Journal of Historical Geography 39: 7–28. Google Scholar | |
|
Seawright, G (2014) Settler traditions of place: Making explicit the epistemological legacy of white supremacy and settler colonialism for place-based education. Educational Studies 50(6): 554–572. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Shaw, W (2006) Decolonizing geographies of whiteness. Antipode 38(4): 851–869. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Slocum, R, Saldanha, A (2013) Geographies of race and food: An introduction. In: Slocum, R, Saldanha, A (eds) Geographies of Race and Food. London: Ashgate. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, A (2012) Indigeneity, settler colonialism, white supremacy. In: HoSang, D, LaBennett, O, Pulido, L (eds) Racial Formation in the Twenty-First Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 66–90. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Trouillot, M (1995) Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History. Boston: Beacon Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Tuck, E, Yang, KW (2012) Decolonization is not a metaphor. Decolonization: Indigeneity, Education & Society 1(1): 1–40. Google Scholar | |
|
Veracini, L (2010) Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Veracini, L (2013) Settler colonialism: Career of a concept. The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 41: 313–333. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Warren, TJ (1992) Pioneer settlements in Nevada. In: The Encyclopedia of Mormonism. New York: Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
|
Wiegman, R (1999) Whiteness studies and the paradox of particularity. Boundary 2: 115–150. Google Scholar | |
|
Winders, J (2003) White in all the wrong places: White rural poverty in the postbellum US South. Cultural Geographies 10: 45–63. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wolfe, P (2006) Settler colonialism and the elimination of the Native. Journal of Genocide Research 8: 387–409. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Woods, C (1998) Development Arrested: The Blues and Plantation Power in the Mississippi Delta. London: Verso Books. Google Scholar |
