Abstract
How do state-recognized traditional authorities (TAs) influence local-level stability? Policies that recognize and give TAs public authority, particularly in many sub-Saharan African countries, have attracted growing scholarly interest in TAs. Drawing empirical evidence from South Africa, I test a proposition that internally contested TA structures contribute to grievances and opportunities that give rise to social unrest. The statistical analysis combines spatial data on municipality-level protests with new data on contested and uncontested TA structures. The results support the theoretical argument. Qualitative data further demonstrate how contested TAs fuel grievances and facilitate mobilization against the local authorities.
References
|
Acemoglu, D, Reed, T, Robinson, J. A (2014) Chiefs: Economic development and elite control of civil society in Sierra Leone. Journal of Political Economy 122(2), pp. 319–368. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Acemoglu, D, Chaves, IN, Osafo-Kwaako, P, Robinson, J (2016) Indirect rule and state weakness in Africa: Sierra Leone in comparative perspective. In: Edwards, S, Johnson, S, Weil, DN (eds) African Successes, Volume IV: Sustainable Growth. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 343–370. Google Scholar | |
|
ACLED (2017) Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook, Version8. Google Scholar | |
|
Ainslie, A, Kepe, T. 2016. Understanding the resurgence of traditional authorities in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 42(1): 19–24. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Alexander, P (2010) Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – A preliminary analysis, Review of African Political Economy 37(123): 25–40. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Atkinson, D (2007) Taking to the streets: Has developmental local government failed in South Africa? In: Buhlungu, SJ, Southall, DR, Lutchman, J (eds) State of the Nation: South Africa. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, pp. 53–77. Google Scholar | |
|
Baldwin, K (2015) The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Baldwin, K, Mvukiyehe, E (2015) Elections and collective action: Evidence from changes in traditional institutions in Liberia. World Politics 67(4): 690–725. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Berenschot, W (2011) The spatial distribution of riots: Patronage and the instigation of communal violence in Gujarat, India. World Development 39(2): 221–230. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Boone, C (2017) Sons of the soil conflict in Africa: Institutional determinants of ethnic conflict over land. World Development 96, pp. 276–293. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Buhaug, H, Rød, JK (2006) Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970–2001. Political Geography 25(3): 315–335. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Burke, J (2016) The coastal village, the mining giant and the battle for South Africa’s soul. The Guardian, 12 June 2016. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/12/south-africa-titanium-mining-giant-xolobeni. Google Scholar | |
|
Buur, L, Kyed, HM (2007) Costested sources of authority: Re-claiming state sovereignty by formalizing traditional authority in Mozambique. In: Lund, C (ed.) Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 169–192. Google Scholar | |
|
Channel NewsAsia (2017) Protests test tribal authority on South Africa’s platinum belt (accessed through Lexis Nexis: 8 March 2018). Google Scholar | |
|
Claassens, A (2011) Contested power and apartheid tribal boundaries: The implications of ‘living customary law’ for indigenous accountability mechanisms. Acta Juridica 2011(1): 174–209. Google Scholar | |
|
Clayton, A, Noveck, J, Levi, M (2015) Decentralization, Power-sharing, and Public Goods Provision in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone. Washington, DC: World Bank. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
De Juan, A (2017) ‘Traditional’ resolution of land conflicts. Comparative Political Studies 50(13): 1835–1868. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
De Juan, A, Wegner, E (2019) Social inequality, state-centered grievances, and protest. Journal of Conflict Resolution 63(1): 31–58. doi: 10.1177/0022002717723136. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
De Kadt, D, Larreguy, A (2018). Agents of the regime? Traditional leaders and electoral politics in South Africa. Journal of Politics 80(2): 382–399. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Díaz-Cayeros, A, Magaloni, B, Ruiz-Euler, A (2014) Traditional governance, citizen engagement, and local public goods: Evidence from Mexico. World Development 53, pp. 80–93. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
ECA (2007) Relevance of African Traditional Institutions of Governance. Addis Abeba: Economic Commission for Africa. Google Scholar | |
|
Eggen, Ø (2011) Chiefs and everyday governance: Parallel state organisations in Malawi. Journal of Southern African Studies 37(2): 313–331. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Electoral Commission of South Africa (2011) Detailed Results Data: 2011 Municipal Elections. Available at: http://www.elections.org.za/content/dynamic.aspx?id=1822&name=elections&leftmenuid=100&breadcrumbid=464. Google Scholar | |
|
Elvidge, CD, Hsu, F, Baugh, KE, Ghosh, T (2014) National trends in satellite observed lighting: 1992–2012. In: Weng, Q (ed.) Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment Through Earth Observation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Englebert, P (2002a) Born-again Buganda or the limits of traditional resurgence in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 40(3): 345–368. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Englebert, P (2002b) Patterns and theories of traditional resurgence in tropical Africa. Mondes en développement 118(2): 51–64. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fjelde, H, Höglund, K (2016) Electoral institutions and electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. British Journal of Political Science 46(2): 297–320. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Fjelde, H, von Uexkull, N (2012) Climate triggers: Rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Geography 31: 444–453. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gennaioli, N, Rainer, I (2007) The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal of Economic Growth 12(3): 185–234. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gerring, J (2008) Case selection for case-study analysis: Qualitative and quantitative techniques. In: Box-Steffensmeier, JM, Brady, HE, Collier, D (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology (Oxford Handbooks of Political Science). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 645–684. Google Scholar | |
|
Goist, M, Kern, F (2018) Traditional institutions and social cooperation: Experimental evidence from the Buganda Kingdom. Research and Politics, 5(1). Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Harper, P (2017) Deadly chieftainship feud is bleeding KwaMbonambi as over R30m remains in limbo. Mail and Guardian. Available at: https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-15-00-chieftainship-feud-is-bleeding-kwambonambi (accessed through Lexis Nexis: 1 March 2018). Google Scholar | |
|
Herbst, J (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Holzinger, K, Kern, FG, Kromrey, D (2016) The dualism of contemporary traditional governance and the state: Institutional setups and political consequences. Political Research Quarterly 63(3): 469–481. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Klick, MT (2016) The effect of state–local complementarity and local governance on development: A comparative analysis from post-war Guatemala. World Development. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.005. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Koelble, TA (2005) Democracy, Traditional Leadership and the International Economy in South Africa (CSSR Working Paper No. 114). Cape Town: Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town. Google Scholar | |
|
Koelble, TA, LiPuma, E (2005) Traditional leaders and democracy: Cultural politics in the age of globalization. In: Robins, S (ed.) Limits to Liberation after Apartheid: Citizenship, Governance and Culture. Oxford: James Currey. Google Scholar | |
|
Koelble, TA, LiPuma, E (2011) Traditional leaders and the culture of governance in South Africa. Governance 24(1): 5–29. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kyamusugulwa, PM, Hilhorst, D (2015) Power holders and social dynamics of participatory development and reconstruction: Cases from the Democratic Republic of Congo. World Development 70: 249–259. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Logan, C (2009) Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid democrats: Popular perspectives on the co-existence of democracy and traditional authority. The Journal of Modern African Studies 47(1): 101–128. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Logan, C (2013) The roots of resilience: Exploring popular support for African traditional authorities. African Affairs 112(448): 353–376. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mamdani, M (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princetion, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Meriggi, N, Bulte, E (2018) Leader and villager behavior: Experimental evidence from Cameroon. World Development 110: 324–332. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Michalopoulos, S, Papaioannou, E (2015) On the ethnic origins of African development: Chiefs and precolonial political centralization. The Academy of Management Perspectives 29(1): 32–71. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Mnwana, S (2015a) Democracy, development and chieftaincy along South Africa’s ‘Platinum Highway’: Some emerging issues, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 33(4): 510–529. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mnwana, S (2015b) Mining and ‘community’ struggles on the platinum belt: A case of Sefikile village in the North West Province, South Africa. The Extractive Industries and Society 2(3): 500–508. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ntsebeza, L (2005) Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in South Africa. Leiden: Brill. Google Scholar | |
|
Oomen, B (2005) Chiefs in South Africa – Law, Power and Culture in the Post-Apartheid Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Osaghae, EE (2000) Applying traditional methods to modern conflict: Possibilities and limits. In: Zartman, W (ed.) Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts. London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 201–217. Google Scholar | |
|
Pearce Fred (2017) Murder in Pondoland: How a proposed mine brought conflict to South Africa. The Guardian, 28 February 2017. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/27/murder-pondoland-how-proposed-mine-brought-conflict-south-africa-activist-sikhosiphi-rhadebe. Google Scholar | |
|
Picard, LA, Mogale, T (2015) The Limits of Democratic Governance in South Africa. Cape Town: UCT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Pula, B (2015) Institutionalizing a weak state: Law and jurisdictional conflict between bureaucratic and communal institutions in the Albanian highlands. Comparative Studies in Society and History 57(3): 637–664. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Raleigh, C, De Bruijne, K (2017) Where rebels dare to tread. Journal of Conflict Resolution 61(6): 1230–1260. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Raleigh, C, Dowd, C (2018) Political environments, elite co-option, and conflict. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108(6): pp. 1668–1684. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Raleigh, C, Linke, A (2018) Subnational governance and conflict: An introduction to a special issue on governance and conflict. Political Geography 63: 88–93. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Republic of South Africa (2003) The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act. Cape Town. Google Scholar | |
|
SAFLII (2017) Southern African Legal Information Institute. Available at: http://www.saflii.org. Google Scholar | |
|
Sklar, RL (1994) The significance of mixed government in Southern African studies: A preliminary assessment. Prepared for the History Workshop Conference on ‘Democracy: Popular Precedents, Popular Practice and Popular Culture’, at the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 13–15 July. Google Scholar | |
|
Sklar, RL (1999) African polities: The next generation. In: Joseph, R (ed.) State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 165–177. Google Scholar | |
|
Stern Mwakalimi, K (2019) Barriers or enablers? Chiefs, elite capture, disasters, and resettlement in rural Malawi. Disasters 43(1): 135–156. Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Ubink, J (2008) Traditional Authorities in Africa Resurgence in an Era of Democratisation. Leiden: Leiden University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
US Geological Survey (2005). Mineral Resources Data System. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey. Available at: https://datainspace.org/index.php/minesin-africa-2/. Google Scholar | |
|
Wig, T (2016) Peace from the past: Pre-colonial political institutions and civil wars in Africa. Journal of Peace Research 53(4): 509–524. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wig, T, Kromrey, D (2018) Which groups fight? Customary institutions and communal conflicts in Africa. Journal of Peace Research 55(4): 415–429. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wig, T, Tollefsen, AF (2016) Local institutional quality and conflict violence in Africa. Political Geography 53: 30–42. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Williams, JM (2010) Chieftancy, the State, and Democracy: Political Legitimacy in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar |

