The implications of traditional authority contest for local-level stability – Evidence from South Africa

First Published October 8, 2020 Research Article

How do state-recognized traditional authorities (TAs) influence local-level stability? Policies that recognize and give TAs public authority, particularly in many sub-Saharan African countries, have attracted growing scholarly interest in TAs. Drawing empirical evidence from South Africa, I test a proposition that internally contested TA structures contribute to grievances and opportunities that give rise to social unrest. The statistical analysis combines spatial data on municipality-level protests with new data on contested and uncontested TA structures. The results support the theoretical argument. Qualitative data further demonstrate how contested TAs fuel grievances and facilitate mobilization against the local authorities.

Acemoglu, D, Reed, T, Robinson, J. A (2014) Chiefs: Economic development and elite control of civil society in Sierra Leone. Journal of Political Economy 122(2), pp. 319368.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Acemoglu, D, Chaves, IN, Osafo-Kwaako, P, Robinson, J (2016) Indirect rule and state weakness in Africa: Sierra Leone in comparative perspective. In: Edwards, S, Johnson, S, Weil, DN (eds) African Successes, Volume IV: Sustainable Growth. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, pp. 343370.
Google Scholar
ACLED (2017) Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) Codebook, Version8.
Google Scholar
Ainslie, A, Kepe, T. 2016. Understanding the resurgence of traditional authorities in post-apartheid South Africa. Journal of Southern African Studies 42(1): 1924.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Alexander, P (2010) Rebellion of the poor: South Africa’s service delivery protests – A preliminary analysis, Review of African Political Economy 37(123): 2540.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Atkinson, D (2007) Taking to the streets: Has developmental local government failed in South Africa? In: Buhlungu, SJ, Southall, DR, Lutchman, J (eds) State of the Nation: South Africa. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council, pp. 5377.
Google Scholar
Baldwin, K (2015) The Paradox of Traditional Chiefs in Democratic Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar
Baldwin, K, Mvukiyehe, E (2015) Elections and collective action: Evidence from changes in traditional institutions in Liberia. World Politics 67(4): 690725.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Berenschot, W (2011) The spatial distribution of riots: Patronage and the instigation of communal violence in Gujarat, India. World Development 39(2): 221230.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Boone, C (2017) Sons of the soil conflict in Africa: Institutional determinants of ethnic conflict over land. World Development 96, pp. 276293.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Buhaug, H, Rød, JK (2006) Local determinants of African civil wars, 1970–2001. Political Geography 25(3): 315335.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Burke, J (2016) The coastal village, the mining giant and the battle for South Africa’s soul. The Guardian, 12 June 2016. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/12/south-africa-titanium-mining-giant-xolobeni.
Google Scholar
Buur, L, Kyed, HM (2007) Costested sources of authority: Re-claiming state sovereignty by formalizing traditional authority in Mozambique. In: Lund, C (ed.) Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 169192.
Google Scholar
Channel NewsAsia (2017) Protests test tribal authority on South Africa’s platinum belt (accessed through Lexis Nexis: 8 March 2018).
Google Scholar
Claassens, A (2011) Contested power and apartheid tribal boundaries: The implications of ‘living customary law’ for indigenous accountability mechanisms. Acta Juridica 2011(1): 174209.
Google Scholar
Clayton, A, Noveck, J, Levi, M (2015) Decentralization, Power-sharing, and Public Goods Provision in Post-Conflict Sierra Leone. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Google Scholar | Crossref
De Juan, A (2017) ‘Traditional’ resolution of land conflicts. Comparative Political Studies 50(13): 18351868.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
De Juan, A, Wegner, E (2019) Social inequality, state-centered grievances, and protest. Journal of Conflict Resolution 63(1): 3158. doi: 10.1177/0022002717723136.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
De Kadt, D, Larreguy, A (2018). Agents of the regime? Traditional leaders and electoral politics in South Africa. Journal of Politics 80(2): 382399.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Díaz-Cayeros, A, Magaloni, B, Ruiz-Euler, A (2014) Traditional governance, citizen engagement, and local public goods: Evidence from Mexico. World Development 53, pp. 8093.
Google Scholar | Crossref
ECA (2007) Relevance of African Traditional Institutions of Governance. Addis Abeba: Economic Commission for Africa.
Google Scholar
Eggen, Ø (2011) Chiefs and everyday governance: Parallel state organisations in Malawi. Journal of Southern African Studies 37(2): 313331.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Electoral Commission of South Africa (2011) Detailed Results Data: 2011 Municipal Elections. Available at: http://www.elections.org.za/content/dynamic.aspx?id=1822&name=elections&leftmenuid=100&breadcrumbid=464.
Google Scholar
Elvidge, CD, Hsu, F, Baugh, KE, Ghosh, T (2014) National trends in satellite observed lighting: 1992–2012. In: Weng, Q (ed.) Global Urban Monitoring and Assessment Through Earth Observation. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Englebert, P (2002a) Born-again Buganda or the limits of traditional resurgence in Africa. The Journal of Modern African Studies 40(3): 345368.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Englebert, P (2002b) Patterns and theories of traditional resurgence in tropical Africa. Mondes en développement 118(2): 5164.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Fjelde, H, Höglund, K (2016) Electoral institutions and electoral violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. British Journal of Political Science 46(2): 297320.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Fjelde, H, von Uexkull, N (2012) Climate triggers: Rainfall anomalies, vulnerability and communal conflict in Sub-Saharan Africa. Political Geography 31: 444453.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Gennaioli, N, Rainer, I (2007) The modern impact of precolonial centralization in Africa. Journal of Economic Growth 12(3): 185234.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Gerring, J (2008) Case selection for case-study analysis: Qualitative and quantitative techniques. In: Box-Steffensmeier, JM, Brady, HE, Collier, D (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Political Methodology (Oxford Handbooks of Political Science). New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 645684.
Google Scholar
Goist, M, Kern, F (2018) Traditional institutions and social cooperation: Experimental evidence from the Buganda Kingdom. Research and Politics, 5(1).
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Harper, P (2017) Deadly chieftainship feud is bleeding KwaMbonambi as over R30m remains in limbo. Mail and Guardian. Available at: https://mg.co.za/article/2017-11-15-00-chieftainship-feud-is-bleeding-kwambonambi (accessed through Lexis Nexis: 1 March 2018).
Google Scholar
Herbst, J (2000) States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Holzinger, K, Kern, FG, Kromrey, D (2016) The dualism of contemporary traditional governance and the state: Institutional setups and political consequences. Political Research Quarterly 63(3): 469481.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Klick, MT (2016) The effect of state–local complementarity and local governance on development: A comparative analysis from post-war Guatemala. World Development. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.005.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Koelble, TA (2005) Democracy, Traditional Leadership and the International Economy in South Africa (CSSR Working Paper No. 114). Cape Town: Centre for Social Science Research University of Cape Town.
Google Scholar
Koelble, TA, LiPuma, E (2005) Traditional leaders and democracy: Cultural politics in the age of globalization. In: Robins, S (ed.) Limits to Liberation after Apartheid: Citizenship, Governance and Culture. Oxford: James Currey.
Google Scholar
Koelble, TA, LiPuma, E (2011) Traditional leaders and the culture of governance in South Africa. Governance 24(1): 529.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Kyamusugulwa, PM, Hilhorst, D (2015) Power holders and social dynamics of participatory development and reconstruction: Cases from the Democratic Republic of Congo. World Development 70: 249259.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Logan, C (2009) Selected chiefs, elected councillors and hybrid democrats: Popular perspectives on the co-existence of democracy and traditional authority. The Journal of Modern African Studies 47(1): 101128.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Logan, C (2013) The roots of resilience: Exploring popular support for African traditional authorities. African Affairs 112(448): 353376.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Mamdani, M (1996) Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princetion, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Google Scholar
Meriggi, N, Bulte, E (2018) Leader and villager behavior: Experimental evidence from Cameroon. World Development 110: 324332.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Michalopoulos, S, Papaioannou, E (2015) On the ethnic origins of African development: Chiefs and precolonial political centralization. The Academy of Management Perspectives 29(1): 3271.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Mnwana, S (2015a) Democracy, development and chieftaincy along South Africa’s ‘Platinum Highway’: Some emerging issues, Journal of Contemporary African Studies 33(4): 510529.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Mnwana, S (2015b) Mining and ‘community’ struggles on the platinum belt: A case of Sefikile village in the North West Province, South Africa. The Extractive Industries and Society 2(3): 500508.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ntsebeza, L (2005) Democracy Compromised: Chiefs and the Politics of the Land in South Africa. Leiden: Brill.
Google Scholar
Oomen, B (2005) Chiefs in South Africa – Law, Power and Culture in the Post-Apartheid Era. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Osaghae, EE (2000) Applying traditional methods to modern conflict: Possibilities and limits. In: Zartman, W (ed.) Traditional Cures for Modern Conflicts. London: Lynne Rienner, pp. 201217.
Google Scholar
Pearce Fred (2017) Murder in Pondoland: How a proposed mine brought conflict to South Africa. The Guardian, 28 February 2017. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/mar/27/murder-pondoland-how-proposed-mine-brought-conflict-south-africa-activist-sikhosiphi-rhadebe.
Google Scholar
Picard, LA, Mogale, T (2015) The Limits of Democratic Governance in South Africa. Cape Town: UCT Press.
Google Scholar
Pula, B (2015) Institutionalizing a weak state: Law and jurisdictional conflict between bureaucratic and communal institutions in the Albanian highlands. Comparative Studies in Society and History 57(3): 637664.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Raleigh, C, De Bruijne, K (2017) Where rebels dare to tread. Journal of Conflict Resolution 61(6): 12301260.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Raleigh, C, Dowd, C (2018) Political environments, elite co-option, and conflict. Annals of the American Association of Geographers 108(6): pp. 16681684.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Raleigh, C, Linke, A (2018) Subnational governance and conflict: An introduction to a special issue on governance and conflict. Political Geography 63: 8893.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Republic of South Africa (2003) The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act. Cape Town.
Google Scholar
SAFLII (2017) Southern African Legal Information Institute. Available at: http://www.saflii.org.
Google Scholar
Sklar, RL (1994) The significance of mixed government in Southern African studies: A preliminary assessment. Prepared for the History Workshop Conference on ‘Democracy: Popular Precedents, Popular Practice and Popular Culture’, at the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa, 13–15 July.
Google Scholar
Sklar, RL (1999) African polities: The next generation. In: Joseph, R (ed.) State, Conflict, and Democracy in Africa. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, pp. 165177.
Google Scholar
Stern Mwakalimi, K (2019) Barriers or enablers? Chiefs, elite capture, disasters, and resettlement in rural Malawi. Disasters 43(1): 135156.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Ubink, J (2008) Traditional Authorities in Africa Resurgence in an Era of Democratisation. Leiden: Leiden University Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
US Geological Survey (2005). Mineral Resources Data System. Reston, VA: US Geological Survey. Available at: https://datainspace.org/index.php/minesin-africa-2/.
Google Scholar
Wig, T (2016) Peace from the past: Pre-colonial political institutions and civil wars in Africa. Journal of Peace Research 53(4): 509524.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wig, T, Kromrey, D (2018) Which groups fight? Customary institutions and communal conflicts in Africa. Journal of Peace Research 55(4): 415429.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wig, T, Tollefsen, AF (2016) Local institutional quality and conflict violence in Africa. Political Geography 53: 3042.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Williams, JM (2010) Chieftancy, the State, and Democracy: Political Legitimacy in Post-Apartheid South Africa. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Login

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

CMP-article-ppv for GBP29.00
CMP-article-ppv for $37.50
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for GBP148.30
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $190.13