High school peer crowds are fundamental components of adolescent development with influences on short- and long-term life trajectories. This study provides the perspectives of contemporary college students regarding their recent high school social landscapes, contributing to current research and theory on the social contexts of high school. This study also highlights the experiences of college-bound students who represent a growing segment of the adolescent population. Sixty-one undergraduates attending universities in two states participated in 10 focus groups to reflect on their experiences with high school peer crowds during the late 2010s. Similar to seminal research on peer crowds, we examined crowds and individuals along several focal domains: popularity, extracurricular involvement, academic orientation, fringe media, illicit risk-taking, and race ethnicity. We find that names and characteristics of crowds reflect the current demographic and cultural moment (i.e., growing importance of having a college education, racial-ethnic diversity) and identify peer crowds that appear to be particularly salient for college-bound youth. Overall, this study illuminates how the retrospective accounts of college-bound students offer insight into high school social hierarchies during a time of rapid social change.

Adderley, C., Kennedy, M., Berz, W. (2003). “A home away from home”: The world of the high school music classroom. Journal of Research in Music Education, 51, 190-205.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Ansay, S. J., Perkins, D. F., Nelson, C. J. (2004). Interpreting outcomes: Using focus groups in evaluation research. Family Relations, 53, 310-316.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Arnett, J. (1991). Heavy metal music and reckless behavior among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 573-592.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Barber, B. L., Eccles, J. S., Stone, M. R. (2001). Whatever happened to the jock, the brain, and the princess? Young adult pathways linked to adolescent activity involvement and social identity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 429-455.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Bonilla-Silva, E., Forman, T. A. (2000). “I am not a racist but . . .”: Mapping White college students’ racial ideology in the USA. Discourse & Society, 11, 50-85.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Bound, J., Hershbein, B., Long, B. T. (2009). Playing the admissions game: Student reactions to increasing college competition. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 23(4), 119-146.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Braun, V., Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. Los Angeles, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Brown, B. B. (1989). The role of peer groups in adolescents’ adjustment to secondary school. In Berndt, T. J., Ladd, G. W. (Eds.), Peer relationships in child development (pp. 188-216, 1st ed.). New York, NY: Wiley.
Google Scholar
Brown, B. B., Herman, M., Hamm, J. V., Heck, D. J. (2008). Ethnicity and image: Correlates of crowd affiliation among ethnic minority youth. Child Development, 79, 529-546.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Brown, B. B., Larson, J. (2009). Peer relationships in adolescence. In Lerner, R., Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 74-103). New York, NY: Wiley.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Brown, B. B., Lohr, M. J. (1987). Peer-group affiliation and adolescent self-esteem: An integration of ego-identity and symbolic-interaction theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 47-55.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Brown, B. B., Mounts, N., Lamborn, S. D., Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting practices and peer group affiliation in adolescence. Child Development, 64, 467-482.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Burt, R. (2004). Structural holes and good ideas. American Journal of Sociology, 110, 349-399.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Clasens, D. R., Brown, B. B. (1985). The multidimensionality of peer-pressure in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14, 451-468.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Coleman, J. S. (1961). The adolescent society: The social life of the teenager and its impact on education. Glencoe, IL: Free Press of Glencoe.
Google Scholar
Colucci, E. (2007). “Focus groups can be fun”: The use of activity-oriented questions in focus group discussions. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1422-1433.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Crosnoe, R. (2011). Fitting in, standing out: Navigating the social challenges of high school to get an education (1st ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Cusick, P. A. (1973). Inside high school: The student’s world. New York, NY: Holt Rinehart and Winston.
Google Scholar
Demuth, S. (2004). Understanding the delinquency and social relationships of loners. Youth & Society, 35, 366-392.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Dolcini, M. M., Adler, N. E. (1994). Perceived competencies, peer group affiliation, and risk behavior among early adolescents. Health Psychology, 13, 496-506.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Doornwaard, S. M., Branje, S., Meeus, W., ter Bogt, T. (2012). Development of adolescents’ peer crowd identification in relation to changes in problem behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 48, 1366-1380.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Durbin, D. L., Darling, N., Steinberg, L., Brown, B. B. (1993). Parenting style and peer group membership among European American adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 87-100.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Eccles, J. S., Barber, B. L. (1999). Student council, volunteering, basketball, or marching band: What kind of extracurricular involvement matters? Journal of Adolescent Research, 14, 10-43.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Eckert, P. (1989). Jocks and burnouts: Social categories and identity in the high school. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
Google Scholar
Garner, R., Bootcheck, J., Lorr, M., Rauch, K. (2006). The adolescent society revisited: Cultures, crowds, climates, and status structures in seven secondary schools. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 1023-1035.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Goldin, C., Katz, L. F. (2009). The future of inequality: The other reason education matters so much. Aspen Institute Congressional Program, 24(4), 7-14.
Google Scholar
Greenbaum, T. L. (2000). Moderating focus groups: A practical guide for group facilitation. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Halcomb, E. J., Gholizadeh, L., DiGiacomo, M., Phillips, J., Davidson, P. M. (2007). Literature review: Considerations in undertaking focus group research with culturally and linguistically diverse groups. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 16, 1000-1011.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Hollander, J. A. (2004). The social contexts of focus groups. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 33, 602-637.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Horn, S. S. (2003). Adolescents’ reasoning about exclusion from social groups. Developmental Psychology, 39, 71-84.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Hyden, L. C., Bülow, P. H. (2003). Who’s talking: Drawing conclusions from focus groups—Some methodological considerations. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 6, 305-321.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., Patrick, M. E. (2018). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use: 1975-2017: Overview, key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In Blumer, J. G., Katz, E. (Eds.), The use of mass communications (pp. 19-32). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar
Kaufman, J., Gabler, J. (2004). Cultural capital and the extracurricular activities of girls and boys in the college attainment process. Poetics, 32, 145-168.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Kinney, D. A. (1993). From nerds to normals: The recovery of identity among adolescents from middle school to high school. Sociology of Education, 66, 21-40.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Kitzinger, J. (1994). The methodology of focus groups: The importance of interaction between research participants. Sociology of Health & Illness, 16, 103-121.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Krueger, R. A., Casey, M. A. (2000). Focus groups: A practical guide for applied research (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Larkin, R. (1979). Suburban youth in cultural crisis. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Lee, Y. O., Jordan, J. W., Djakaria, M., Ling, P. M. (2014). Using peer crowds to segment Black youth for smoking intervention. Health Promotion Practice, 15, 530-537.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Lemann, N. (2000). The big test: The secret history of American meritocracy. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Google Scholar
Mahoney, J. L., Harris, A. L., Eccles, J. S. (2006). Organized activity participation, positive youth development, and the over-scheduling hypothesis. SRCD Social Policy Report, 20, 3-32. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED521752
Google Scholar
Massey, O. T. (2011). A proposed model for the analysis and interpretation of focus groups in evaluation research. Evaluation and Program Planning, 34, 21-28.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Matute-Bianchi, M. E. (1986). Ethnic identities and patterns of school success and failure among Mexican-descent and Japanese-American students in a California high school: An ethnographic analysis. American Journal of Education, 95, 233-255.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
McFarland, J., Hussar, B., Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wang, K., Rathbun, A., . . . Mann, F. (2018). The condition of education 2018. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics.
Google Scholar
Miller, K. E., Hoffman, J. H., Barnes, G. M., Farrell, M. P., Sabo, D., Melnick, M. J. (2003). Jocks, gender, race, and adolescent problem drinking. Journal of Drug Education, 33, 445-462.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Milner, M. (2006). Freaks, geeks, and cool kids: American teenagers, schools, and the culture of consumption (1st ed.). London, England: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Moran, M. B., Murphy, S. T., Sussman, S. (2012). Campaigns and cliques: Variations in effectiveness of an antismoking campaign as a function of adolescent peer group identity. Journal of Health Communication, 17, 1215-1231.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Moran, M. B., Walker, M. W., Alexander, T. N., Jordan, J. W., Wagner, D. E. (2017). Why peer crowds matter: Incorporating youth subcultures and values in health education campaigns. American Journal of Public Health, 107, 389-395.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Morgan, D. L., Krueger, A. (1993). When to use focus groups and why. In Morgan, D. L. (Ed.), Successful focus groups: Advancing the state of the art (pp. 3-19). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Morrison, S. J. (2001). The school ensemble: A culture of our own. Music Educators Journal, 88(2), 24-28.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Nguyen, J., Brown, B. B. (2010). Making meanings, meaning identity: Hmong adolescent perceptions and use of language and style as identity symbols. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 20, 849-868.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Nichols, J. D., White, J. (2001). Impact of peer networks on achievement of high school algebra students. The Journal of Educational Research, 94(5), 267-273.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Parker, J. G., Asher, S. R. (1987). Peer relations and later personal adjustment: Are low-accepted children at risk? Psychological Bulletin, 102, 357-389.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Phillipov, M. (2010). “Generic misery music?” Emo and the problem of contemporary youth culture. Media International Australia, 136, 60-70.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Pyke, K., Dang, T. (2003). “FOB” and “whitewashed”: Identity and internalized racism among second generation Asian Americans. Qualitative Sociology, 26, 147-172.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Randall, E. T., Bohnert, A. M., Travers, L. V. (2015). Understanding affluent adolescent adjustment: The interplay of parental perfectionism, perceived parental pressure, and organized activity involvement. Journal of Adolescence, 41, 56-66.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Riester, A. E., Zucker, R. A. (1968). Adolescent social structure and drinking behavior. Journal of Counseling & Development, 47, 304-312.
Google Scholar
Rigsby, L. C., McDill, E. L. (1972). Adolescent peer influence processes: Conceptualization and measurement. Social Science Research, 1, 305-321.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Roe, K. (1995). Adolescents’ use of socially disvalued media: Towards a theory of media delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 617-631.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Rubin, K. H., Bukowski, W. M., Parker, J. G., Bowker, J. C. (2008). Peer interactions, relationships, and groups. In Damon, W., Lerner, R. M., Kuhn, D., Siegler, R. S., Eisenberg, N. (Eds.), Child and adolescent development: An advanced course (pp. 141-171). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Google Scholar
Rubin, M., Badea, C. (2007). Why do people perceive in-group homogeneity on in-group traits and out-group homogeneity on out-group traits? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 31-42.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Ryan, C. S., Hunt, J. S., Weible, J. A., Peterson, C. R., Casas, J. F. (2007). Multicultural and colorblind ideology, stereotypes, and ethnocentrism among Black and White Americans. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 10, 617-637.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Schwartz, D., Hopmeyer, A., Luo, T., Ross, A., Fischer, J. (2017). Affiliation with antisocial crowds and psychosocial outcomes in a gang-impacted urban middle school. Journal of Early Adolescence, 37, 559-586.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Selfhout, M. H., Branje, S. J., ter Bogt, T. F., Meeus, W. H. (2009). The role of music preferences in early adolescents’ friendship formation and stability. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 95-107.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Sim, T. N., Yeo, G. H. (2012). Peer crowds in Singapore. Youth and Society, 44, 201-216.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Sussman, S., Pokhrel, P., Ashmore, R. D., Brown, B. B. (2007). Adolescent peer group identification and characteristics: A review of the literature. Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1602-1627.
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Swanson, C. B. (2002). Spending time or investing time? Involvement in high school curricular and extracurricular activities as strategic action. Rationality and Society, 14, 431-471.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Taylor, P., Fry, R., Oates, R. (2014). The rising cost of not going to college. Pew Research. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2014/02/11/the-rising-cost-of-not-going-tocollege/
Google Scholar
Tienda, M. (2013). Diversity ≠ inclusion: Promoting integration in higher education. Educational Researcher, 42, 467-475.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Urberg, K. A., Değirmencioğlu, S. M., Tolson, J. M., Halliday-Scher, K. (2000). Adolescent social crowds: Measurement and relationship to friendships. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15, 427-445.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
U.S. Census Bureau . (2014). Nearly 6 out of 10 children participate in extracurricular activities, Census bureau reports. Washington, DC: Author.
Google Scholar
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics . (2017). Public elementary/secondary school universe survey data (Common Core of Data). Retrieved from https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/pubschuniv.asp
Google Scholar
Access Options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here.

Your Access Options


Purchase

JAR-article-ppv for $36.00
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $269.77