Abstract
That women tend to see harassment where men see harmless fun or normal gendered interaction is one of the more robust findings in sexual harassment research. Using in-depth interviews with employed men and women, this article argues that these differences may be partially explained by the performative requirements of masculinity. The ambiguous practice of “girl watching” is centered, and the production of its meaning analyzed. The data suggest that men's refusal to see their behavior as harassing may be partially explained through the objectification and attenuated empathy that the production of masculine identities may require. Thus, some forms of harassment and their interpretations may more accurately be seen as acts of ignoring than states of ignorance (of the effects of the behavior or the law). Implications for anti-sexual harassment policies and training are explored.
|
Bernstein, R. 1994. Guilty if charged.New York Review of Books, 13 January. Google Scholar | Medline | |
|
Bowman, C. G. 1993. Street harassment and the informal ghettoization of women. Harvard Law Review 106:517-580. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Buckwald, A. 1993. Compliment a woman, go to court. Los Angeles Times, 28 October. Google Scholar | |
|
Bumiller, K. 1988. The civil rights society: The social construction of victims. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Butler, J. 1990. Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Chen, A. S. 1999. Lives at the center of the periphery, lives at the periphery of the center: Chinese American masculinities and bargaining with hegemony. Gender & Society 13:584-607. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Cleveland, J. N.
, and M. E. Kerst . 1993. Sexual harassment and perceptions of power: An underarticulated relationship. Journal of Vocational Behavior 42 (1): 49-67. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Cockburn, C. 1983. Brothers: Male dominance and technological change. London: Pluto Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Collinson, D. L.
, and M. Collinson . 1989. Sexuality in the workplace: The domination of men's sexuality. In The sexuality of organizations, edited by J. Hearn and D. L. Sheppard . Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Collinson, D. L.
, and M. Collinson . 1996. “It's only Dick”: The sexual harassment of women managers in insurance sales. Work, Employment & Society 10 (1): 29-56. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Conley, F. K. 1991. Why I'm leaving Stanford: I wanted my dignity back. Los Angeles Times, 9 June. Google Scholar | |
|
Conley, J.
, and W. O'Barr . 1998. Just words. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Connell, R. W. 1987. Gender and power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Connell, R. W. 1995. Masculinities. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Estrich, S. 1987. Real rape. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Garcia, L.
, L. Milano , and A. Quijano . 1989. Perceptions of coercive sexual behavior by males and females. Sex Roles 21 (9/10): 569-577. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gardner, C. B. 1995. Passing by: Gender and public harassment. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Giuffre, P.
, and C. Williams . 1994. Boundary lines: Labeling sexual harassment in restaurants. Gender & Society 8:378-401. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Glaser, B.
, and A. L. Strauss . 1967. The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine. Google Scholar | |
|
Guccione, J. 1992. Women judges still fighting harassment. Daily Journal, 13 October, 1. Google Scholar | |
|
Gutek, B. A.
, and M. P. Koss . 1993. Changed women and changed organizations: Consequences of and coping with sexual harassment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 42 (1): 28-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Gutek, B. A.
, B. Morasch , and A. G. Cohen . 1983. Interpreting social-sexual behavior in a work setting. Journal of Vocational Behavior 22 (1): 30-48. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Hearn, J. 1985. Men's sexuality at work. In The sexuality of men, edited by A. Metcalf and M. Humphries . London: Pluto Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Hopkins, P. 1992. Gender treachery: Homophobia, masculinity, and threatened identities. In Rethinking masculinity: Philosophical explorations in light of feminism, edited by L. May and R. Strikwerda . Lanham, MD: Littlefield, Adams. Google Scholar | |
|
Jensen, I. W.
, and B. A. Gutek . 1982. Attributions and assignment of responsibility in sexual harassment. Journal of Social Issues 38 (4): 121-136. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson, M. 1988. Strong mothers, weak wives. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Kenig, S.
, and J. Ryan . 1986. Sex differences in levels of tolerance and attribution of blame for sexual harassment on a university campus. Sex Roles 15 (9/10): 535-549. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
MacKinnon, C. A. 1979. The sexual harassment of working women. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Malovich, N. J.
, and J. E. Stake . 1990. Sexual harassment on campus: Individual differences in attitudes and beliefs. Psychology of Women Quarterly 14 (1): 63-81. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Murrell, A. J.
, and B. L. Dietz-Uhler . 1993. Gender identity and adversarial sexual beliefs as predictors of attitudes toward sexual harassment. Psychology of Women Quarterly 17 (2): 169-175. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Padgitt, S. C.
, and J. S. Padgitt . 1986. Cognitive structure of sexual harassment: Implications for university policy. Journal of College Student Personnel 27:34-39. Google Scholar | |
|
Popovich, P. M.
, D. N. Gehlauf , J. A. Jolton , J. M. Somers , and R. M. Godinho . 1992. Perceptions of sexual harassment as a function of sex of rater and incident form and consequent. Sex Roles 27 (11/12): 609-625. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Powell, G. N. 1986. Effects of sex-role identity and sex on definitions of sexual harassment. Sex Roles 14:9-19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pronger, B. 1992. Gay jocks: A phenomenology of gay men in athletics. In Rethinking masculinity: Philosophical explorations in light of feminism, edited by L. May and R. Strikwerda . Lanham, MD: Littlefield Adams. Google Scholar | |
|
Pryor, J. B. 1987. Sexual harassment proclivities in men. Sex Roles 17 (5/6): 269-290. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Quinn, B. A. 2000. The paradox of complaining: Law, humor, and harassment in the everyday work world. Law and Social Inquiry 25 (4): 1151-1183. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Reilly, M. E.
, B. Lott , D. Caldwell , and L. DeLuca . 1992. Tolerance for sexual harassment related to self-reported sexual victimization. Gender & Society 6:122-138. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rogers, J. K.
, and K. D. Henson . 1997. “Hey, why don't you wear a shorter skirt?” Structural vulnerability and the organization of sexual harassment in temporary clerical employment. Gender & Society 11:215-238. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Schwalbe, M. 1992. Male supremacy and the narrowing of the moral self. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 37:29-54. Google Scholar | |
|
Smith, D. 1990. The conceptual practices of power: A feminist sociology of knowledge. Boston: North-eastern University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Stockdale, M. S. 1993. The role of sexual misperceptions of women's friendliness in an emerging theory of sexual harassment. Journal of Vocational Behavior 42 (1): 84-101. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Stockdale, M. S.
, and A. Vaux . 1993. What sexual harassment experiences lead respondents to acknowledge being sexually harassed? A secondary analysis of a university survey. Journal of Vocational Behavior 43 (2): 221-234. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tagri, S.
, and S. M. Hayes . 1997. Theories of sexual harassment. In Sexual harassment: Theory, research and treatment, edited by W. O'Donohue . New York: Allyn & Bacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Thorne, B. 1993. Gender play: Girls and boys in school. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board
. 1988. Sexual harassment in the federal government: An update. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Google Scholar | |
|
Welsh, S. 1999. Gender and sexual harassment. Annual Review of Sociology 1999:169-190. Google Scholar | |
|
West, C.
, and D. H. Zimmerman . 1987. Doing gender. Gender & Society 1:125-151. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wood, J. T. 1998. Saying makes it so: The discursive construction of sexual harassment. In Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice, edited by S. G. Bingham . Westport, CT: Praeger. Google Scholar | |
|
York, K. M. 1989. Defining sexual harassment in workplaces: A policy-capturing approach. Academy of Management Journal 32:830-850. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Yount, K. R. 1991. Ladies, flirts, tomboys: Strategies for managing sexual harassment in an underground coal mine. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19:396-422. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
