![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review and systematize prior work on technological innovation in family firms and to open up an agenda to guide future research into this promising area. The study shows that family involvement has direct effects on innovation inputs (e.g., R&D expenditures), activities (e.g., leadership in new product development projects), and outputs (e.g., number of new products), as well as moderating effects on the relationships between these steps of technological innovation. The article uses theories applied in family business research (e.g., agency theory) to discuss opportunities for extending technological innovation frameworks by considering family involvement.
Keywords
References
|
Adler, P. S., Kwon, S. (2002). Social capital: Prospects for a new concept. Academy of Management Review, 27(1), 17-40. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Almirall, E., Casadesus-Masanell, R. (2010). Open versus closed innovation: A model of discovery and divergence. Academy of Management Review, 35(1), 27-47. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Antoncic, B., Hisrich, R. D. (2001). Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross-cultural validation. Journal of Business Venturing, 16, 495-527. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Asplund, M., Sandin, R. (1999). The survival of new products. Review of Industrial Organization, 15, 219-237. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bammens, Y., Van Gils, A., Voordeckers, W. (2010). The role of family involvement in fostering an innovation-supportive stewardship culture. In Academy of Management Best Paper Proceedings. Retrieved from http://doclib.uhasselt.be/dspace/bitstream/1942/11754/2/13982_AOMBestPaperProceedings.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Bergfeld, M.-M. H., Weber, F.-M. (2011). Dynasties of innovation: Highly performing German family firms and the owners’ role for innovation. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management, 13(1), 80-94. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Block, J. H. (2009). Long-term orientation of family firms. An investigation of R&D investments, downsizing practices, and executive pay. Wiesbaden, Germany: Gabler. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Block, J. H. (2012). R&D investments in family and founder firms: An agency perspective. Journal of Business Venturing, 27, 248-265. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Blundell, R., Griffiths, R., Van Reenen, J. (1999). Market share, market value and innovation in a panel of British manufacturing firms. Review of Economic studies, 66, 529-554. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Carney, M. (2005). Corporate governance and competitive advantage in family-controlled firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 249-265. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Carney, M., Gedajlovic, E. (2002). The coupling of ownership and control and the allocation of financial resources: Evidence from Hong Kong. Journal of Management Studies, 39(1), 123-146. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cassia, L., De Massis, A., Pizzurno, E. (2011). An exploratory investigation on NPD in small family businesses from Northern Italy. International Journal of Business, Management and Social Sciences, 2(2), 1-14. Google Scholar | |
|
Cassia, L., De Massis, A., Pizzurno, E. (2012). Strategic innovation and new product development in family firms: An empirically grounded theoretical framework. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 18, 198-232. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chen, H. L., Hsu, W. T. (2009). Family ownership, board independence, and R&D investment. Family Business Review, 22, 347-362. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chesbrough, H. W. (2003). Open innovation: The new imperative for creating and profiting from technology. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Chiesa, V. (2001). R&D strategy and organization: Managing technical change in dynamic contexts. London, England: Imperial College Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chin, C. L., Chen, Y. J., Kleinman, G., Lee, P. (2009). Corporate ownership structure and innovation: Evidence from Taiwan’s electronics industry. Journal of Accounting Auditing Finance, 24(1), 145-175. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Chirico, F., Sirmon, D., Sciascia, S., Mazzola, P. (2011). Resource orchestration in family firms: Investigating how entrepreneurial orientation, generational involvement, and participative strategy affect performance. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5, 307-326. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Chrisman, J. J., Patel, P. J. (2012). Variations in R&D investments of family and non-family firms: Behavioral agency and myopic loss aversion perspectives. Academy of management Journal, 55, 976-997. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Christensen, C. M. (1997). The innovator’s dilemma: When new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J., Sharma, P. (1999). Defining the family business by behavior. Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 23(4), 19-39. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Churchill, N. C., Hatten, K. J. (1997). Non-market-based transfers of wealth and power: A research framework for family business. Family Business Review, 10, 53-67. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Classen, N., Carree, M., Van Gils, A., Peters, B. (2011). The role of family ownership in research, innovation and productivity of SMEs: A stepwise econometric analysis. Paper presented at the IFERA 11th Annual World Family Business Research Conference, Palermo, Italy. Google Scholar | |
|
Classen, N., Van Gils, A., Bammens, Y., Carree, M. (2012). Accessing resources from innovation partners: The search breadth of family SMEs. Journal of Small Business Management, 50, 191-215. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cohen, W. M., Levinthal, D. A. (1990). Absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35, 128-152. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cooper, R. G., Kleinschmidt, E. J. (1987). New products: What separates winners from losers? Journal of Product Innovation Management, 4, 169-184. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Craig, J. B. L., Dibrell, C. (2006). The natural environment, innovation, and firm performance: A comparative study. Family Business Review, 19, 275-288. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Craig, J. B. L., Moores, K. (2006). A 10 year longitudinal investigation of strategy, systems, and environment on innovation in family firms. Family Business Review, 19, 1-10. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Crossan, M. M., Apaydin, M. (2010). A multi-dimensional framework of organizational innovation: A systematic review of the literature. Journal of Management Studies, 47, 1154-1191. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Czarnitzki, D., Kraft, K. (2009). Capital control, debt financing and innovative activity. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 71, 372-383. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Cyert, R. M., March, J. G. (1963). A behavioral theory ofthe firm. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Dahlander, L., Gann, D. M. (2010). How open is innovation? Research Policy, 39, 699-709. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
De Massis, A. (2012). Family Involvement and Procedural Justice Climate among Non-Family Managers: The Effects of Affect, Social Identities, Trust and Risk of Non-Reciprocity. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 36(6), 1227-1234. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
De Massis, A., Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. (2008). Factors preventing intra-family succession. Family Business Review, 21, 183-199. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Kotlar, J., Nordqvist, M., Chrisman, J. J. (2012). Critical success factors for product innovation in family business: A multiple case-study. Paper presented at the IFERA 11th Annual World Family Business Research Conference, Bordeaux, France. Google Scholar | |
|
De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Pizzurno, E., Cassia, L. (2013). Product innovation in family vs. non-family firms: An exploratory analysis. Journal of Small Business Management. Google Scholar | |
|
De Massis, A., Kotlar, J., Cassia, L. (in press). How do entrepreneurs of family firms perceive their competitive advantages and disadvantages compared to non-family companies? Empirical evidence from the transportation industry. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 51(1). Google Scholar | |
|
De Massis, Kotlar, J., Chua, J.H., Chrisman, J.J. (in press). Ability and Willingness as Sufficiency Conditions for Family-Oriented Particularistic Behavior: Implications for Theory and Empirical Studies. Journal of Small Business Management. Google Scholar | |
|
De Massis, A., Kotlar, J., Frattini, F. (in press). Is social capital perceived as a source of competitive advantage or disadvantage for family firms? An exploratory analysis of CEO perceptions. Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(1). Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
De Massis, A., Sharma, P. A., Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. (2012). Family business studies: An annotated bibliography. Northhampton, MA: Edward Elgar. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Drucker, P. (1985). Innovation and entrepreneurship. New York, NY: Harper & Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Dunn, B. (1996). Family enterprises in the UK: A special sector? Family Business Review, 9, 139-155. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Durand, R., Vargas, V. (2003). Ownership, organization, and private firms’ efficient use of resources. Strategic Management Journal, 24, 667-675. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dyer, W. G. (2003). The family: The missing variable in organizational research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27, 401-416. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Dyer, W. G., Dyer, W. J. (2009). Putting the family into family business research. Family Business Review, 22, 216-219. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Earley, P. C. (1989). Social loafing and collectivism: A comparison of the United States and the People’s Republic of China. Administrative Science Quarterly, 34, 565-581. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989). Building theories from case study research. Academy of Management Review, 14, 532-550. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ernst, H. (2002). Success factors of new product development: A review of the empirical literature. International Journal of Management Reviews, 4(1), 1-40. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Furrer, O., Thomas, H., Goussevskaia, A. (2008). The structure and evolution of the strategic management field: A content analysis of 26 years of strategic management research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10(1), 1-23. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Freeman, C. (1976). Economics of industrial innovation. London, England: Pinter. Google Scholar | |
|
García-Álvarez, E., López-Sintas, J. (2001). A taxonomy of founders based on values: The root of family business heterogeneity. Family Business Review, 14, 209-230. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Gedajlovic, E., Cao, Q., Zhang, H. (2012). Corporate shareholdings and organizational ambidexterity in high-tech SMEs: Evidence from a transitional economy. Journal of Business Venturing, 27, 652-665. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gedajlovic, E., Carney, M. (2010). Markets, hierarchies, and families: Toward a transaction cost theory of the family firm. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 34, 1145-1172. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gedajlovic, E., Lubatkin, M. H., Schulze, W. S. (2004). Crossing the threshold from founder management to professional management: A governance perspective. Journal of Management Studies, 41, 899-912. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Geroski, P., Machin, S., Van Reenen, J. (1993). The profitability of innovating firms. RAND Journal of Economics, 24, 198-211. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gersick, K. E., Davis, J. A., Hampton, M. M., Lansberg, I. (1997). Generation to generation: Life cycles of the family business. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Cruz, C., Berrone, P., De Castro, J. (2011). The bind that ties: Socioemotional wealth preservation in family firms. Academy of Management Annals, 5, 653-707. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Haynes, K. T., Núñez-Nickel, M., Jacobson, K. J. L., Moyano-Fuentes, J. (2007). Socioemotional wealth and business risks in family-controlled firms: Evidence from Spanish olive oil mills. Administrative Science Quarterly, 52, 106-137. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gómez-Mejía, L. R., Nunez-Nickel, M., Gutierrez, I. (2001). The role of family ties in agency contracts. Academy of management Journal, 44(1), 81-95. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gudmundson, D., Hartman, E. A., Tower, C. B. (1999). Strategic orientation: Differences between family and nonfamily firms. Family Business Review, 12, 27-39. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Gudmundson, D., Tower, C. B., Hartman, E. A. (2003). Innovation in small businesses: Culture and ownership structure do matter. Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship, 8(1), 1-18. Google Scholar | |
|
Habbershon, T. G., Williams, M. (1999). A resource-based framework for assessing the strategic advantages of family firms. Family Business Review, 9, 157-170. Google Scholar | |
|
Harris, D., Martinez, J. L., Ward, J. L. (1994). Is strategy different for the family-owned businesses? Family Business Review, 7, 159-176. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Hatch, N. W., Dyer, J. H. (2004). Human capital and learning as a source of sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 25, 1155-1178. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Helfat, C. E. (2007). Dynamic capabilities: Understanding strategic change in organizations. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Google Scholar | |
|
Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Horton, T. (1986). Managing in a family way. Management Review, 75(2), 3. Google Scholar | |
|
Hoskisson, R. E., Hitt, M. A., Johnson, R. A., Grossman, W. (2002). Conflicting voices: The effects of institutional ownership heterogeneity and internal governance on corporate innovation strategies. Academy of Management Journal, 45, 697-716. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hoy, F., Sharma, P. (2010). Entrepreneurial family firms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Google Scholar | |
|
Hsu, L. C., Chang, H. C. (2011). The role of behavioral strategic controls in family firm innovation. Industry and Innovation, 18, 709-727. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Jensen, M. C., Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3, 305-360. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kochhar, R., David, P. (1996). Institutional investors and firm innovation: a test of competing hypotheses. Strategic Management Journal, 17(1), 73-84. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kotlar, J., De Massis, A., Frattini, F., Bianchi, M., Fang, H. (2012). Technology acquisition in family-controlled firms: A longitudinal analysis of Spanish manufacturing firms. Paper presented at the 19th International Product Development Management Conference, Manchester, England. Google Scholar | |
|
Klein, S. B., Astrachan, J. H., Smyrnios, K. X. (2005). The F PEC Scale of Family Influence: Construction, validation, and further implication for theory. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29, 321-339. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., Vishny, R. (1999). Corporate ownership around the world. Journal of Finance, 54, 471-517. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Le Breton-Miller, I. L., Miller, D. (2006). Why do some family businesses out compete? governance, long term orientations, and sustainable capability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30, 731-746. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lichtenthaler, U. (2009). Absorptive capacity, environmental turbulence, and the complementarity of organizational learning processes. Academy of Management Journal, 52, 822-846. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lichtenthaler, U., Muethel, M. (2012). The impact of family involvement on dynamic innovation capabilities: Evidence from German manufacturing firms. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 36(6). Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6520.2012.00548.x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Llach, J., Nordqvist, M. (2010). Innovation in family and non-family businesses: A resource perspective. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Venturing, 2, 381-399. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Lumpkin, G. T., Steier, L., Wright, M. (2011). Strategic entrepreneurship in family business. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 5, 285-306. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
McKelvie, A., McKenny, A. F., Lumpkin, G. T., Short, J. C. (2013). Corporate entrepreneurship in family business: Past contributions and future opportunities. In Melin, L., Nordqvist, M., Sharma, P. (Eds.), The Sage handbook of family business studies. New York, NY: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
McCann, J. E., Leon Guerrero, A. Y., Haley, J. D. (2001). Strategic goals and practices of innovative family businesses. Journal of Small Business Management, 39(1), 50-59. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I. (2005). Managing for the long run. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. Google Scholar | |
|
Miller, D., Le Breton-Miller, I., Scholnick, B. (2008). Stewardship vs. stagnation: An empirical comparison of small family and non-family businesses. Journal of Management Studies, 45(1), 51-78. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Munari, F., Oriani, R., Sobrero, M. (2010). The effects of owner identity and external governance systems on R&D investments: A study of Western European firms. Research Policy, 39, 1093-1104. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Muñoz-Bullón, F., Sanchez-Bueno, M. J. (2011). The impact of family involvement on the R&D intensity of publicly traded firms. Family Business Review, 24, 62-70. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Nohria, N., Gulati, R. (1996). Is slack good or bad for innovation? Academy of Management Journal, 39, 1245-1264. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nordqvist, M., Melin, L. (2010). Entrepreneurial families and family firms. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 22, 211-239. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ordanini, A., Rubera, G., DeFillippi, R. (2008). The many moods of inter-organizational imitation: A critical review. International Journal of Management Reviews, 10, 375-398. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Pittino, D., Visintin, F. (2009). Innovation and strategic types of family SMEs. A test and extension of Miles and Snow’s configurational model. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 17, 257-295. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Podsakoff, P., MacKenzie, S., Bachrach, D., Podsakoff, N. (2005). The influence of management journals in the 1980s and 1990s. Strategic Management Journal, 26, 473-488. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Porter, M. (1990). The competitive advantage of nations. London, England: Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Reuber, A. R. (2010). Strengthening your literature review. Family Business Review, 23, 105-108. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Rothaermel, F. T., Hess, A. M. (2007). Building dynamic capabilities: Innovation driven by individual-, firm-, and network-level effects. Organization Science, 18, 898-921. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Sacristán-Navarro, M., Gómez-Ansón, S., Cabeza-García, L. (2011). Family ownership and control, the presence of other large shareholders, and firm performance: Further evidence. Family Business Review, 24, 71-93. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Chua, J. H. (1996). A review and annotated bibliography of family business studies. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sharma, P., Chrisman, J. J., Gersick, K. E. (2012). 25 years of family business review: Reflections on the past and perspectives for the future. Family Business Review, 25, 5-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sharma, P., Nordqvist, M. (2008). A classification scheme for family firms: From family values to effective governance to firm performance. In Tapies, J., Ward, J. L. (Eds.), Family values and value creation: How do family-owned businesses foster enduring values (pp. 71-101). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Sharma, P., Salvato, C. (2011). Commentary: Exploiting and exploring new opportunities over life cycle stages of family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 35 1199-1205. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sirmon, D. G., Arregle, J., Hitt, M. A., Webb, J. W. (2008). The role of family influence in firms’ strategic responses to threat of imitation. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 32, 979-998. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A. (2003). Managing resources: Linking unique resources, management, and wealth creation in family firms. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 27, 339-358. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Sirmon, D. G., Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D. (2007). Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value: Looking inside the black box. Academy of Management Review, 32, 273-292. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Steijvers, T., Voordeckers, W. (2009). Private family ownership and the agency costs of debt. Family Business Review, 22, 333-346. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Tagiuri, R., Davis, J. (1996). Bivalent attributes of the family firm. Family Business Review, 9, 199-208. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: The nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28, 1319-1350. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic capabilities and strategic management. Strategic Management Journal, 18, 509-533. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thieme, J. (2007). Perspective: The world’s top innovation management scholars and their social capital. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24, 214-229. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thomsen, S., Pedersen, T. (2000). Ownership structure and economic performance in the largest European companies. Strategic Management Journal, 21, 689-705. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Tidd, J., Bessant, J. R. (2009). Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Tidd, J., Bessant, J. R., Pavitt, K. (2005). Managing innovation: Integrating technological, market and organizational change. New York, NY: John Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Ulrich, K. T., Eppinger, S. D. (2011). Product design and development. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
Van De Vrande, V., Vanhaverbeke, W., Duysters, G. (2009). External technology sourcing: The effect of uncertainty on governance mode choice. Journal of Business Venturing, 24(1), 62-80. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Verganti, R. (2009). Design-driven innovation: Changing the rules of competition by radically innovating what things mean. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School. Google Scholar | |
|
Villalonga, B., Amit, R. (2009). How are US family firms controlled? Review of Financial Studies, 22, 3047-3091. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wagner, M. (2010). Corporate social performance and innovation with high social benefits: A quantitative analysis. Journal of Business Ethics, 94, 581-594. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Westhead, P. (1997). Ambitions, external environment and strategic factor differences between family and non-family companies. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 9, 127-158. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Westhead, P., Howorth, C. (2007). “Types” of private family firms: An exploratory conceptual and empirical analysis. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 19, 405-431. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wu, Z., Chua, J. H., Chrisman, J. J. (2007). Effects of family ownership and management on small business equity financing. Journal of Business Venturing, 22, 875-895. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Yin, R. K. (2003). Applications of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Google Scholar | |
|
Zellweger, T. (2007). Time horizon, costs of equity capital, and generic investment strategies of firms. Family Business Review, 20, 1-15. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Zellweger, T., Nason, R., Nordqvist, M. (2012). From longevity of firms to transgenerational entrepreneurship of families: Introducing family entrepreneurial orientation. Family Business Review, 25, 136-155. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
