Manufacturing Consent in Venezuela: Media Misreporting of a Country, 1998–2014

First Published December 31, 2018 Research Article

This article assesses Western news media coverage of Venezuela between 1998 and 2014. It found that the major newspapers in the UK and US reproduce the ideology of Western governments, ignoring strong empirical evidence challenging those positions. The press portrayed Venezuela in an overwhelmingly negative light, presenting highly contested minority opinions as facts while barely mentioning competing arguments, as Herman and Chomsky’s (2002) propaganda model would predict. After conducting interviews, it is clear that a small cadre of pre-selected journalists is immersed into a highly antagonistic newsroom culture that sees itself as the “resistance” to the Venezuelan government and its purpose to defeat it. As a result, hegemony of thought reigns and some journalists report self-censorship.

Alford, M (2009) A propaganda model for Hollywood. Westminster Papers in Communication and Culture 6(2): 144156.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ali, T (2013) Hugo Chavez and me. The Guardian, 6 March. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/06/hugo-chavez-and-me-tariq-ali
Google Scholar
Beeton, D, Johnston, J, Main, A (2015) Venezuela. In: The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire. London: pp. 773818. Verso.
Google Scholar
Bergman, T (2014) The case for a Dutch propaganda model. International Journal of Communication 8: 27052724.
Google Scholar
Boyd-Barrett, O (2004) Judith Miller, the New York Times, and the propaganda model. Journalism Studies 5(4): 435449.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Boyer, D (2003) Censorship as a vocation: The institutions, practices, and cultural logic of media control in the German Democratic Republic. Comparative Studies in Society and History 45(3): 511545.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Burnett, V, Neuman, W (2014) Protesting in Venezuela, with antipathy toward Cuba’s government. The New York Times, 25 March. Available (accessed 13 December 2018) at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/26/world/americas/protesting-in-venezuela-with-antipathy-toward-cuba.html
Google Scholar
Buxton, J (2014) Venezuela – the real significance of the student protests. Latin American Bureau, 20 February. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: http://lab.org.uk/venezuela-%E2%80%93-student-protests
Google Scholar
Carter, J (2012) 30 years of the Carter Center. The Carter Center, 21 September [Video]. Available (accessed 13 December 2018) at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VPKPw4t6Sic#t=43m34
Google Scholar
Carter Center (2013) Preliminary report. Study mission of the Carter Center: Presidential elections in Venezuela, April 14, 2013. Available (accessed 13 December 2018) at: http://www.cartercenter.org/resources/pdfs/news/peace_publications/election_reports/venezuela-pre-election-rpt-2013.pdf
Google Scholar
Chomsky, N (1999) Necessary Illusions: Thought Control in Democratic Societies. London: Pluto.
Google Scholar
Ciccariello-Maher, G (2013) We Created Chavez: A People’s History of the Venezuelan Revolution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ciccariello-Maher, G (2016) Building the Commune: Radical Democracy in Venezuela. London: Verso.
Google Scholar
Corrales, J (2014) Why Venezuela’s student protesters have already won. The Washington Post, 28 February. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/why-venezuelas-student-protesters-have-already-won/2014/02/28/b4f94d2a-a009–11e3–9ba6–800d1192d08b_story.html
Google Scholar
Dangl, B (2013) What Chavez left behind: The streets of a continent and a Bolivarian Revolution of everyday life. Upside Down World, 10 March. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: http://upsidedownworld.org/main/venezuela-archives-35/4175-what-chavez-left-behind-the-streets-of-a-continent-and-a-bolivarian-revolution-of-everyday-life
Google Scholar
Education First (2015) English Proficiency Index, 2015. Education First. Available (accessed 13 December 2018) at: http://media2.ef.com/__/~/media/centralefcom/epi/downloads/full-reports/v5/ef-epi-2015-english.pdf
Google Scholar
Ellner, S (2014a) Terrorism in Venezuela and its accomplices. Venezuelanalysis, 15 May. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/10684
Google Scholar
Ellner, S (2014b) Opposition violence: A time-worn tactic played out in Venezuela. Alborada, 13 February. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.alborada.net/ellner-venezuela-130214
Google Scholar
Embassy of Venezuela (2012) Venezuela’s 2012 Presidential Elections. September. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://eeuu.embajada.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=216&Itemid=3&lang=en
Google Scholar
Fernandez, B (2014) Human Rights Watch’s revolving door. Jacobin, 8 June. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://www.jacobinmag.com/2014/06/human-rights-watchs-revolving-door/
Google Scholar
Fontova, H (2014) Venezuela for dummies. The Miami Herald, 28 February.
Google Scholar
Forero, J (2002) Uprising in Venezuela: Man in the news: manager and conciliator – Pedro Carmona Estanga. The New York Times, 13 April.
Google Scholar | Medline
Foster, P (2013a) Venezuela election: Capriles accuses socialists of abusing power to ensure Maduro win. The Daily Telegraph, 14 April.
Google Scholar
Foster, P (2013b) Nicolas Maduro wins Venezuela election by tiny margin. The Daily Telegraph, 15 April.
Google Scholar
Fuchs, G, Vivanco, P (2015) The distorted “democracy” of Leopoldo Lopez. TeleSur, 29 January. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.telesurtv.net/english/analysis/The-Distorted-Democracy-of-Leopoldo-Lopez-20150129–0022.html
Google Scholar
Glasgow University Media Group (1976) Bad News. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Google Scholar
Glasgow University Media Group (1982) Really Bad News. London: Writers and Readers.
Google Scholar
Glasser, T, Gunther, M (2005) The legacy of autonomy in American journalism. In: Overholser, G, Jamieson, K (eds) The Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Hart, P (2014) Who is dying in Venezuela? A revealing NYT correction. FAIR.org, 26 March. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: http://fair.org/blog/2014/03/26/who-is-dying-in-venezuela-a-revealing-nyt-correction/
Google Scholar
Herman, E (1998) The propaganda model revisited. In: McChesney, R, Wood, E, Foster, J (eds) Capitalism in the Information Age: The Political Economy of the Global Communication Revolution. New York, NY: Monthly Review Press.
Google Scholar
Herman, E, Chomsky, N (2002) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York, NY: Pantheon.
Google Scholar
Herman, E, McChesney, R (1997) The Global Media: The New Missionaries of Corporate Capitalism. London: Continuum.
Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch (HRW) (2008) A Decade Under Chávez, 18 September. Available (accessed 12 December 2018) at: https://www.hrw.org/report/2008/09/18/decade-under-chavez/political-intolerance-and-lost-opportunities-advancing-human
Google Scholar
Investing (2018) Crude oil WTI futures. Investing.com. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://uk.investing.com/commodities/crude-oil-historical-data
Google Scholar
Jones, B (2008) Hugo! The Hugo Chavez story from mud hut to perpetual revolutionary. London: Vintage.
Google Scholar
Khan, R (2013) Sympathetic coverage of Gujarat riot Muslim victims: A case of “split public”. Asia Pacific Media Educator 23(1): 197218.
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Lemoine, M (2002) Venezuela’s press power. Le Monde Diplomatique, August. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://mondediplo.com/2002/08/10venezuela
Google Scholar
Maweu, J (2017) “Peace propaganda?” The application of Chomsky’s propaganda model to the Daily Nation’s coverage of the Kenyan elections. South African Journal for Communication Theory and Research 43(2): 168186.
Google Scholar
Mazzarella, W, Kaur, R (2009) Between sedition and seduction. In: Kaur, R, Mazzarella, W (eds) Censorship in South Asia: Cultural Regulation from Sedition to Seduction. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
Google Scholar
McCoy, J (2013) What to expect as Venezuela moves on after Hugo Chavez. S cholars Strategy Network, April. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.scholarsstrategynetwork.org/sites/default/files/ssn_key_findings_mccoy_on_post-chavez_venezuela.pdf
Google Scholar
McCoy, J (2014) Can Venezuela back down from the cliff? Al-Jazeera, 13 March. Available (accessed 26 July 2018) at: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2014/03/can-venezuela-back-down-from-cli-20143136346997108.html
Google Scholar
The New York Times (2002) Hugo Chavez departs. The New York Times, 13 April.
Google Scholar | Medline
Noticias24 (2014) Hinterlaces: 87% de los venezolanos está en desacuerdo con las manefestaciones violentas. Noticias24, 25 March. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.noticias24.com/venezuela/noticia/230504/hinterlaces-87-de-los-venezolanos-rechaza-acciones-violentas-en-el-pais/
Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS) (2016) Carta abierta a Leopoldo Lopez. OAS, 22 August. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: http://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/OSG-441.pdf
Google Scholar
Organization of American States (OAS) (2018) Sobre la possible commission de crímenes de lesa humanidad en Venezuela. OAS, 29 May. Available (accessed 12 December 2018) at: http://www.oas.org/documents/spa/press/Informe-Panel-Independiente-Venezuela-ES.pdf
Google Scholar
Pedelty, M (1995) War Stories: The Culture of Foreign Correspondents. London: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Pedro, J (2011) The propaganda model in the early 21st century (Part I). International Journal of Communication 5. Available (accessed 12 December 2018) at: https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/785
Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2000) Self censorship: How often and why? Pew Research Center, 30 April. Available (accessed 26 July 2018) at: http://www.people-press.org/2000/04/30/self-censorship-how-often-and-why/
Google Scholar
Prochnau, W (2005) The military and the media. In: Overholser, G, Jamieson, K (eds) The Press. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Google Scholar
Rasul, A (2015) Filtered violence: Propaganda model and the political economy of the Indian film industry. Journal of Media Critiques 1(6): 75–92.
Google Scholar | Crossref
The Real News (2012) Jimmy Carter says “election process in Venezuela is the best in the world”. The Real News, 5 October. Available (accessed 1 August 2018) at: http://therealnews.com/t2/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=767&Itemid=74&jumival=8935
Google Scholar
Reuters (2015) Former Mandela lawyer to join defense of Venezuela’s jailed activist. Reuters, 6 February. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-lopez/former-mandela-lawyer-to-join-defense-of-venezuelas-jailed-activist-idUSKBN0LA03D20150206
Google Scholar
Riley, P, Chardy, A (2014) Thousands gather in Doral and across the globe to support anti-government protests in Venezuela. The Miami Herald, 22 February.
Google Scholar
Robles, F (2002) Venezuelan defends his brief presidency. The Miami Herald, 20 April.
Google Scholar
Rogin, J (2013) State Department expresses condolences for death of Hugo Chavez. Foreign Policy, 6 March. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/06/state-department-expresses-condolences-for-death-of-hugo-chavez/
Google Scholar
Romano, C (1989) Slouching toward pressology. Tikkun, 4(3): May/June, 4–7.
Google Scholar
Schudson, M (2011) The Sociology of News. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
Google Scholar
Smilde, D (2014) Q&A understanding Venezuela’s protests. Washington Office on Latin America, 7 March. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.wola.org/commentary/understanding_venezuela_s_protests
Google Scholar
TeleSur (2015) Venezuelan victims of opposition violence demand justice. TeleSur, 12 February. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Venezuelan-Victims-of-Opposition-Violence-Demand-Justice-20150212-0003.html
Google Scholar
The Times (2014) Maduro’s misrule. The Times, 12 March.
Google Scholar
Toro, F (2014a) The game changed in Venezuela last night – and the international media is asleep at the switch. Caracas Chronicles, 20 February. Available (accessed 12 December 2018) at: http://caracaschronicles.com/2014/02/20/the-game-changed/
Google Scholar
Toro, F (2014b) Visualize May. Caracas Chronicles, 22 February. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://caracaschronicles.com/2014/02/22/visualize-may/
Google Scholar
Toro, F (2014c) Rash repression in Venezuela. The New York Times, 24 February. Available (accessed 13 December 2018) at: https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/25/opinion/rash-repression-in-venezuela.html
Google Scholar
UNASUR (2013) Declaración del consejo de jefes y jefas de estado y de gobierno de la Unión de Naciones Suramericans (UNASUR). Presidencia de la República del Perú, 19 April. Available (accessed 25 July 2018) at: http://www.presidencia.gob.pe/declaracion-del-consejo-de-jefes-y-jefas-de-estado-y-de-gobierno-de-la-union-de-naciones-suramericanas-unasur
Google Scholar
Venezuelanalysis (2008) More than 100 Latin America experts question Human Rights Watch’s Venezuela report. Venezuelanalysis, 17 December. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4051
Google Scholar
The Washington Post (2013a) Venezuela’s reckoning. The Washington Post, 12 April.
Google Scholar
Weisbrot, M (2013) The US shows its contempt for Venezuelan democracy. The Guardian, 22 April. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/apr/22/united-states-contempt-venezuelan-democracy
Google Scholar
Weyland, K (2013) Why Latin America is becoming less democratic. The Atlantic, 15 July. Available (accessed 10 October 2018) at: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/07/why-latin-america-is-becoming-less-democratic/277803/
Google Scholar
Wyss, J (2013a) Hugo Chavez is dead but his vote machine lives. The Miami Herald, 13 April.
Google Scholar
Wyss, J (2013b) Venezuela’s chance to move forward. The Miami Herald, 11 April.
Google Scholar

Access content

To read the fulltext, please use one of the options below to sign in or purchase access.
  • Access Options

    My Account

    Welcome
    You do not have access to this content.

    Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

    Click the button below for the full-text content

    请点击以下获取该全文

    Institutional Login

    Purchase Content

    24 hours online access to download content

    Added to Cart

    Cart is full

    There is currently no price available for this item in your region.

    Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here


Purchase

CRS-article-ppv for GBP29.00
CRS-article-ppv for $37.50
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for GBP183.04
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $234.66