Impact of quasi-isotropic raster layup on the mechanical behaviour of fused filament fabrication parts
Abstract
The development of fused filament fabrication has extended the range of application of additive manufacturing in various areas of research. However, the mechanical strength of the fused filament fabrication–printed parts were considerably lower than that of parts fabricated by other conventional methods, owing to the observed anisotropic behaviour and formation of voids by weak interlayer diffusion. Intense studies on the effect of design and process parameters of the printed parts on the mechanical properties have been done, whereas studies on the effect of build orientations and raster patterns needs special concern. The main aim of this work is to fabricate parts printed using quasi-isotropic laminate arrangement of rasters, achieved by a raster layup of [45/0/−45/90]s, and to compare their mechanical properties with those of the commonly used 0°/90° (cross) and 45°/−45° (crisscross) raster oriented parts. The quasi-isotropic–oriented samples were observed with improved mechanical behaviour in tensile, compressive, flexural and impact tests compared to the commonly employed raster orientations.
Get full access to this article
View all access and purchase options for this article.
References
1. Liu Z, Wang Y, Wu B, et al. A critical review of fused deposition modelling 3D printing technology in manufacturing polylactic acid parts. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019; 102(9): 2877–2889.
2. Van den Eynde M, Van Puyvelde P. 3D printing of poly (Lactic Acid). In: Di Lorenzo M, Androsch R (eds) Industrial Applications of Poly(lactic acid). Advances in Polymer Science. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017 Vol. 282, 139–158.
3. Rajpurohit SR, Dave HK. Analysis of tensile strength of a fused filament fabricated PLA part using an open-source 3D printer. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019; 101(5): 1525–1536.
4. Vijayan VJ, Arun A, Bhowmik S, et al. Development of lightweight high‐performance polymeric composites with functionalized nanotubes. J Appl Polym Sci 2016; 133(21): ■■■.
5. Kumar GV, Pramod R. Investigation of mechanical properties of aluminium reinforced glass fibre polymer composites. AIP Conf Proc 2017; 18591: 020084.
6. Ramu M, Ananthasubramanian M, Kumaresan T, et al. Optimization of the configuration of porous bone scaffolds made of polyamide/hydroxyapatite composites using selective laser sintering for tissue engineering applications. Bio-medical Mater Engg 2018; 29(6): 739–755.
7. Kumaresan T, Gandhinathan R, Gunaseelan M, et al. Biomechanical analysis of implantation of polyamide/hydroxyapatite shifted architecture porous scaffold in an injured femur bone. Int J Biomed Engg Tech 2019; 30(1): 16–30.
8. Kim HD, Amirthalingam S, Kim SL, et al. Biomimetic materials and fabrication approaches for bone tissue engineering. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6(23): 1700612.
9. Bourell D, Kruth JP, Leu M, et al. Materials for additive manufacturing. CIRP Ann 2017; 66(2): 659–681.
10. Attoye S, Malekipour E, El-Mounayri H. Correlation between process parameters and mechanical properties in parts printed by the fused deposition modeling process. Mech Additive Adv Manuf 2019; 8: 35–41.
11. Rajpurohit SR, Dave HK. Effect of process parameters on tensile strength of FDM printed PLA part. Rapid Prototyp J 2018; 24(8): 1317–1324.
12. Mercado-Colmenero JM, Rubio-Paramio MA, la Rubia-Garcia MD, et al. A numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology based on product specifications. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019; 103(5): 1893–1909.
13. uz Zaman UK, Boesch E, Siadat A, et al. Impact of fused deposition modeling (FDM) process parameters on strength of built parts using Taguchi’s design of experiments. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2019; 101(5): 1215–1226.
14. Song Y, Li Y, Song W, et al. Measurements of the mechanical response of unidirectional 3D-printed PLA. Mater Des 2017; 123: 154–164.
15. Dizon JR, Espera AH Jr, Chen Q, et al. Mechanical characterization of 3D-printed polymers. Addit Manuf 2018; 20: 44–67.
16. Gao X, Qi S, Kuang X, et al. Fused filament fabrication of polymer materials: A review of interlayer bond. Add Manuf 2021; 37: 101658.
17. Wang S, Ma Y, Deng Z, et al. Effects of fused deposition modelling process parameters on tensile, dynamic mechanical properties of 3D printed polylactic acid materials. Poly Test 2020; 86(1): 106483.
18. Qattawi A. Investigating the effect of fused deposition modelling processing parameters using Taguchi design of experiment method. J Manuf Process 2018; 36: 164–174.
19. Chacón JM, Caminero MA, Garcia Plaza E, et al. Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection. Mater Des 2017; 124: 143–157.
20. Valean C, Marșavina L, Marghitaș M, et al. Effect of manufacturing parameters on tensile properties of FDM printed specimens. Proced Struct Integrity 2020; 26(1): 313–320.
21. Raut S, Jatti VS, Khedkar NK, et al. Investigation of the effect of built orientation on mechanical properties and total cost of FDM parts. Proced Mater Sci 2014; 6: 1625–1630.
22. Durgun I, Ertan R. Experimental investigation of FDM process for improvement of mechanical properties and production cost. Rapid Prototyp J 2014; 20(3): 228–235.
23. Cantrell JT, Rohde S, Damiani D, et al. Experimental characterization of the mechanical properties of 3D-printed ABS and polycarbonate parts. Rapid Prototyp J 2017; 23(4): 811–824.
24. Love LJ, Kunc V, Rios O, et al. The importance of carbon fiber to polymer additive manufacturing. J Mater Res 2014; 29(17): 1893–1898.
25. Uddin MS, Sidek MF, Faizal MA, et al. Evaluating mechanical properties and failure mechanisms of fused deposition modelling acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts. ASME J Manuf Sci Eng 2017; 139(8): 081018.
26. Bellini A, Guceri S. Mechanical characterization of parts fabricated using fused deposition modelling. Rapid Prototyp J 2003; 9(4): 252–264.
27. Górski F, Wichniarek R, Kuczko W, et al. Experimental determination of critical orientation of ABS parts manufactured using fused deposition modelling technology. J Mach Eng 2015; 15(4): 121–132.
28. Byberg KI, Gebisa AW, Lemu HG. Mechanical properties of ULTEM 9085 material processed by fused deposition modelling. Poly Test 2018; 72: 335–347.
29. Zaldivar RJ, Witkin DB, McLouth T, et al. Influence of processing and orientation print effects on the mechanical and thermal behavior of 3D-Printed ULTEM 9085 Material. Addit Manuf 2017; 13: 71–80.
30. Fischer M, Schöppner V. Fatigue behavior of FDM parts manufactured with Ultem 9085. J Met 2017; 69(3): 563–568.
31. Domingo-Espin M, Puigoriol-Forcada JM, Garcia-Granada AA, et al. Mechanical property characterization and simulation of fused deposition modeling Polycarbonate parts. Mater Des 2015; 83: 670–677.
32. Wang CC, Lin TW, Hu SS. Optimizing the rapid prototyping process by integrating the Taguchi method with the gray relational analysis. Rapid Prototyp J 2007; 13(5): 304–315.
33. Smith WC, Dean RW. Structural characteristics of fused deposition modelling polycarbonate material. Polym Test 2013; 32(8): 1306–1312.
34. Ravindrababu S, Govdeli Y, Wong ZW, et al. Evaluation of the influence of build and print orientations of unmanned aerial vehicle parts fabricated using fused deposition modelling process. J Manuf Process 2018; 34: 659–666.
35. Chockalingam K, Jawahar N, Praveen J. Enhancement of anisotropic strength of fused deposited ABS parts by genetic algorithm. Mater Manuf Process 2016; 31(15): 2001–2010.
36. Pei E, Lanzotti A, Grasso M, et al. The impact of process parameters on mechanical properties of parts fabricated in PLA with an open-source 3-D printer. Rapid Prototyp J 2015; 21(5): 604–617.
37. Schoppner V, KTP KP. Mechanical properties of fused deposition modeling parts manufactured with Ultem* 9085. In: Proceedings of 69th Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers (ANTEC'11) 2011, Boston, MA, 1–5 May, 2011, (Vol. 2, pp. 1294–1298), 2011.
38. Hill N, Haghi M. Deposition direction-dependent failure criteria for fused deposition modeling polycarbonate. Rapid Prototyp J 2014; 20(3): 221–227.
39. Montero M, Roundy S, Odell D, et al. Material characterization of fused deposition modeling (FDM) ABS by designed experiments. Soc Manuf Eng 2001; 10: 1–21.
40. Linul E, Marsavina L, Stoia DI. Mode I and II fracture toughness investigation of laser-sintered polyamide. Theor App Fract 2020; 106(1): 102497.
41. Stoia DI, Marsavina L, Linul E. Mode I fracture toughness of polyamide and alumide samples obtained by selective laser sintering additive process. Polym 2020; 12(3): 640.
42. Ziemian S, Okwara M, Ziemian CW. Tensile and fatigue behavior of layered acrylonitrile butadiene styrene. Rapid Prototyp J 2015; 21(3): 270–278.
43. Ahn SH, Montero M, Odell D, et al. Anisotropic material properties of fused deposition modeling ABS. Rapid Prototyp J 2002; 8(4): 248–257.
44. Letcher T, Rankouhi B, Javadpour S. Experimental study of mechanical properties of additively manufactured ABS plastic as a function of layer parameters. In: Proceedings of ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress andExposition, Houston, TX, 13–19 November, 2015, 2015.
45. Masood SH, Mau K, Song WQ. Tensile properties of processed FDM polycarbonate material. Mater Sci Forum 2010; 654-656: 2556–2559.
46. Fatimatuzahraa AW, Farahaina B, Yusoff WA. IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering And Industrial Applications (ISBEIA) 2011. New York, NY: IEEE, 22–27, 2011.
47. Tymrak BM, Kreiger M, Pearce JM. Mechanical properties of components fabricated with open-source 3-D printers under realistic environmental conditions. Mater Des 2014; 58: 242–246.
48. Liu X, Zhang M, Li S, et al. Mechanical property parametric appraisal of fused deposition modeling parts based on the gray Taguchi method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 2017; 89(5): 2387–2397.
49. Abouzaid K, Guessasma S, Belhabib S, et al. Printability of co-polyester using fused deposition modelling and related mechanical performance. Eur Polym J 2018; 108: 262–273.
50. Motaparti KP. Effect of build parameters on mechanical properties of ULTEM 9085 parts by fused deposition modeling. Master’s Thesis, Missouri University of Society and Technology, Rolla, Missouri.
51. Nasirov A, Fidan I. Prediction of mechanical properties of fused filament fabricated structures via asymptotic homogenization. Mech Mater 2020; 145(1): 103372.
52. Fayazbakhsh K, Movahedi M, Kalman J. The impact of defects on tensile properties of 3D printed parts manufactured by fused filament fabrication. Mater Today Commun 2019; 18: 140–148.
53. Garzon-Hernandez S, Garcia-Gonzalez D, Jerusalem A, et al. Design of FDM 3D printed polymers: An experimental-modelling methodology for the prediction of mechanical properties. Mater Des 2020; 188(1): 108414.
54. Es-Said OS, Foyos J, Noorani R, et al. Effect of layer orientation on mechanical properties of rapid prototyped samples. Mater Manuf Process 2000; 15(1): 107–122.
Cite article
Cite article
Cite article
OR
Download to reference manager
If you have citation software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice
Information, rights and permissions
Information
Published In
Article first published online: September 8, 2021
Issue published: February 2022
Keywords
Authors
Metrics and citations
Metrics
Article usage*
Total views and downloads: 474
*Article usage tracking started in December 2016
Articles citing this one
Receive email alerts when this article is cited
Web of Science: 4 view articles Opens in new tab
Crossref: 10
- Sustainable Engineering of Mechanical Properties in ABS Composites through Glass Fiber and Granite Powder Reinforcements via Injection Molding
- Development and 3D Printing of PLA Bio-Composites Reinforced with Short Yucca Fibers and Enhanced Thermal and Dynamic Mechanical Performance
- Mechanical and thermal property enhancement of silicon nitride-reinforced PLA composites for high-performance 3D printing applications
- Recent Advances in Additive Manufacturing, Volume 1
- Investigation of the Influence of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing Process Parameters on Tensile Properties of Polylactic Acid Parts Using the Taguchi Method
- Research on the design and application of wind turbine mechanical parts based on parametric modeling
- Improving energy absorption and failure characteristic of additively manufactured lattice structures using hollow and curving techniques
- Influence of infill patterns on mechanical properties of 3D printed Al2O3 ceramics via fused filament fabrication
- Strength evaluation of polymer ceramic composites: a comparative study between injection molding and fused filament fabrication techniques
- Bending properties and numerical modelling of cellular panels manufactured from wood fibre/PLA biocomposite by 3D printing
Figures and tables
Figures & Media
Tables
View Options
Access options
If you have access to journal content via a personal subscription, university, library, employer or society, select from the options below:
I am signed in as:
View my profileSign out
I can access personal subscriptions, purchases, paired institutional access and free tools such as favourite journals, email alerts and saved searches.
loading institutional access options
IOM3 members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
IOM3 members can access this journal content using society membership credentials.
Alternatively, view purchase options below:
Purchase 24 hour online access to view and download content.
Access journal content via a DeepDyve subscription or find out more about this option.
