Abstract
Games have intruded into popular, academic, and policy-maker awareness to an unprecedented level, and this creates new opportunities for advancing our understanding of the relationship of games to society. The author offers a new approach to games that stresses them as characterized by process. Games, the author argues, are domains of contrived contingency, capable of generating emergent practices and interpretations, and are intimately connected with everyday life to a degree heretofore poorly understood. This approach is both consistent with a range of existing social theory and avoids many of the limitations that have characterized much games scholarship to date, in particular its tendency toward unsustainable formalism and exceptionalism. Rather than seeing gaming as a subset of play, and therefore as an activity that is inherently separable, safe, and pleasurable, the author offers a pragmatic rethinking of games as social artifacts in their own right that are always in the process of becoming. This view both better accords with the experience of games by participants cross-culturally and bears the weight of the new questions being asked about games and about society.
|
Aarseth, E. (1997). Cybertext: Perspectives on ergodic literature . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Bauman, R. (1977). Verbal art as performance. In R. Bauman (Ed.), Verbal art as performance (pp. 3-58). Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland. Google Scholar | |
|
Bogost, I. (2006). Unit operations: An approach to videogame criticism . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice (R. Nice, Trans.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Burke, T. (2002). Rubicite breastplate priced to move, cheap: How virtual economies become real simulations. Retrieved July 31, 2006, from http://www.swarthmore.edu/SocSci/tburke1/Rubicite%20Breastplate.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Caillois, R. (2001). Man, play, and games (M. Barash, Trans.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Castronova, E. (2001). Virtual worlds: A first-hand account of market and society on the cyberian frontier (CESifo Working Paper No. 618). Retrieved January 5, 2006, from SSRN Web site: http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=294828 Google Scholar | |
|
Castronova, E. (2003). On virtual economies. Game Studies , 3(2). Retrieved January 5, 2006, from SSRN Web site: http://www.gamestudies.org/0302/castronova Google Scholar | |
|
Castronova, E. (2005). Synthetic worlds: The business and culture of online games. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Certeau, M. de. (1984). The practice of everyday life (S. Rendall, Trans.). Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Crawford, C. (2003). Chris Crawford on game design. Boston: New Riders. Google Scholar | |
|
Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper & Row. Google Scholar | |
|
Dibbell, J. (2006). Play money: Or, how I quit my day job and made millions trading virtual loot. New York: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Galloway, A. (2006). Gaming: Essays on algorithmic culture. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Cambridge, UK: Polity. Google Scholar | |
|
Gould, S.J. , & Lewontin, R. (1979). The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossion paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 205(1161), 581-598. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Herzfeld, M. (1980). Social tension and inheritance by lot in three Greek villages. Anthropological Quarterly, 53, 91-100. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hobsbawm, E. (1984). Introduction: Inventing traditions. In E. Hobsbawm & T. Ranger (Eds.), The invention of tradition (pp. 1-14). Cambridge , UK: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Huizinga, J. (1971). Homo Ludens. New York: Beacon. Google Scholar | |
|
Jackson, M. (1989). Paths toward a clearing: Radical empiricism and ethnographic inquiry. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Juul, J. (2003). The game, the player, the world: Looking for the heart of gameness. In M. Cooper & J. Raessens (Eds.), Level up: Digital Games Research Conference proceedings (pp. 30-45). Utrecht , Netherlands: Universiteit Utrecht. Google Scholar | |
|
Juul, J. (2005). Half-real: Video games between real rules and fictional worlds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Koster, R. (2004). A theory of fun for game design. Scottsdale, AZ: Paraglyph. Google Scholar | |
|
Lancy, D.F. (1980). Work and play: The Kpelle case. In H. B. Schwartzman (Ed.), Play and culture (pp. 324-328). West Point, NY: Leisure. Google Scholar | |
|
Lansing, J.S. (2003). Complex adaptive systems. Annual Review of Anthropology, 32, 183-204. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lastowka, F.G. , & Hunter, D. (2003). The laws of the virtual worlds. 92 California Law Review, 1. Retrieved January 5, 2006, from SSRN Web site: http://ssrn.com/abstract=402860 Google Scholar | |
|
Latour, B. (1993). We have never been modern (C. Porter, Trans.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
MacIntyre, A. (1984). After virtue (2nd ed.). South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Malaby, T. (1999). Fateful misconceptions: Rethinking paradigms of chance among gamblers in Crete. Social Analysis, 43(1), 141-164. Google Scholar | |
|
Malaby, T. (2003a). The currency of proof: Euro competence and the refiguring of value in Greece. Social Analysis, 47(1), 42-52. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Malaby, T. (2003b). Gambling life: Dealing in contingency in a Greek city. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Malaby, T. (2006a). Introduction: Control and contingency online . First Monday, 7. Available from http://firstmonday.org/issues/special11_9/intro/index.html Google Scholar | |
|
Malaby, T. (2006b). Parlaying value: Forms of capital in and beyond virtual worlds. Games and Culture, 1, 141-162. Google Scholar | |
|
Marx, K. (1978). Theses on Feuerbach. In R. C. Tucker (Ed.), The Marx-Engels reader (pp. 143-145). New York: Norton. Google Scholar | |
|
Menand, L. (2001). The metaphysical club: A story of ideas in America . New York: Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux. Google Scholar | |
|
Moore, S.F. (1978). Law as process: An anthropological approach. Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Google Scholar | |
|
Murray, J. (1997). Hamlet on the holodeck: The future of narrative in cyberspace. New York: Free Press . Google Scholar | |
|
Nardi, B. , & O'Day, V.L. (1999). Information ecologies: Using technology with heart . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ortner, S.B. (1984). Theory in anthropology since the sixties. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26(1), 126-166. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ortner, S.B. (1999). Life and death on Mt. Everest: Sherpas and Himalayan mountaineering. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Peirce, C.S. (1998). The essential Peirce: Selected philosophical writings, 1893-1913. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Pickering, A. (1995). The mangle of practice: Time, agency, and science . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Rollings, A. , & Adams, E. (2003). Andrew Rollings and Ernest Adams on game design . Boston: New Riders. Google Scholar | |
|
Schwartzman, H. B. (Ed.). (1980). Play and culture. West Point, NY: Leisure. Google Scholar | |
|
Steinkuehler, C. (2006). The mangle of play. Games and Culture, 1, 199-213. Google Scholar | |
|
Stevens, P. , Jr. (1980). Play and work: A false dichotomy? In H. B. Schwartzman (Ed.), Play and culture (pp. 316-323). West Point, NY: Leisure. Google Scholar | |
|
Taylor, T.L. (2006). Play between worlds: Exploring online game culture . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Turner, V. (1969). The ritual process: Structure and anti-structure . New York: Walter de Gruyter. Google Scholar | |
|
Wacquant, L. (2003). Body & soul: Notebooks of an apprentice boxer. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Weber, M. (1946). From Max Weber: Essays in sociology (H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills , Eds.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Zimmerman, E. , & Salen, K. (2003). Rules of play: Game design fundamentals. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Google Scholar |

