Abstract
This paper presents the leadership implications from a study that explored how to increase the quality of teaching in a university thereby presenting data from the bottom up – the academic perspective – to inform leadership, policies, and academic development which generally flows from the top down. We report academics’ perceptions of and motivations to engage with teaching and learning, as well as their opinions of the university’s recognition and rewards for quality teaching. Pedagogical professional development needs of academics were also examined. Tensions existed between teaching and research in this research-intensive university; even so, academics valued teaching, were committed to students, but were resentful that institutional values and rewards remained focused on research. A common perception was that having a doctorate was all that was required to be an effective teacher. Administrators were reported as privileging research-oriented professoriate activities over the work of teaching-focused lecturers. We present a model of leadership considerations that can inform leadership decision-making and priorities that findings indicated influence academic engagement.
|
Adelman, C (2009) The Bologna process for U.S. eyes: Re-learning higher education in the age of convergence. Institute for Higher Education Policy. Google Scholar | |
|
Australian Universities Quality Agency (2006) Quality Frameworks Reflections from Australian Universities. In: Baird, J (ed) Report, Melbourne VIC: Australian Universities Quality Agency. Google Scholar | |
|
Ahmad, A, Stockley, D, Moore, R (2012) 3M Fellows making a mark in Canadian higher education, In Salter, DJ (ed) Cases on Quality Teaching Practices in Higher Education. Hershey, PM: IGI Global, pp. 182–190) doi: 10.4018/978-1-4666-3661-3.ch011 Google Scholar | |
|
Brew, A, Boud, D (1995) Teaching and research: Establishing the vital link with learning. Higher Education 29: 261–273. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bryson, C, Blackwell, R (2006) Managing temporary workers in higher education: Still at the margin? Personnel Review 35(2): 207–225. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Burnett, S, Huisman, J (2010) Universities responses to globalisation: The influence of organisational culture. Journal of Studies in International Education 14(2): 117–142. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Chatterton, P, Goddard, J (2000) The response of higher education institutions to regional needs. European Journal of Education 35(4): 475–496. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chickering, AW, Gamson, ZF (1987) Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. American Association of Higher Education Bulletin 3–7. Google Scholar | |
|
Chickering, AW, Gamson, ZF (1991) Seven principles for good practice in undergraduate education. In: Chickering, AW, Gamson, ZF (eds) Applying the Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, pp. 63–69. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Chickering, AW, Gamson, ZF (1999) Development and adaptations of the Seven Principles for Good Practice in Undergraduate Education. New Directions for Teaching and Learning 80(Winter): 75–81. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Coates, H (2009) What’s the difference? A model for measuring the value added by Higher Education in Australia. Higher Education Management & Policy 21(1): 1–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Coleman, K, Flood, A (2013) Marking Time. Leading and Managing the Development of Assessment in Higher Education. Champaign, IL: Common Ground Publishing LLC. Google Scholar | |
|
Côté, JE, Allahar, AL (2007) Ivory Tower Blues: A University System in Crisis. Toronto, ON: University of Toronto Inc. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Council for Higher Education (2008) New Leadership for Student Learning and Accountability. A Statement of Principles Commitments to Action. Report. Washington DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities. Google Scholar | |
|
Crosky, A, Allen, B (2013) A collaborative approach to successful assessment review. In: Coleman, K, Flood, A (eds) Marking Time. Leading and Managing the Development of Assessment in Higher Education. Champaign, IL: Common Ground Publishing LLC. Google Scholar | |
|
Cudmore, G (2005) Globalization internationalization and the recruitment of international students in higher education and in the Ontario colleges of applied Arts and Technology. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education 35: 37–60. Google Scholar | |
|
de Jonghe, AM (2005) Reorganising the teaching-research tension. Higher Education Management & Policy 17(2): 61–74. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
de la Harpe, B, Radloff, A (2008) Institutional support for quality learning and teaching. In: Scott, S, Dixon, K (eds) The Globalised University: Trends and Development in Teaching and Learning. Perth, Western Australia: Black Swan Press, pp. 19–50. Google Scholar | |
|
Denman, BD (2005) What is a university in the 21st century? Higher Education Management & Policy 17(2): 1–20. Google Scholar | |
|
Dewar, K (2002) On being a good teacher. Journal of Hospitality Leisure Sport and Tourism Education 1(1): 61–67. DOI: 103794/johlste1114. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dixon, KC, Scott, S (2008) Faculty perceptions of learning and teaching at an Australian technology university: Challenges in maintaining quality. In: Scott, S, Dixon, K (eds) The Globalised University: Trends and Development in Teaching and Learning. Perth, Western Australia: Black Swan Press, pp. 51–82. Google Scholar | |
|
Doyle, WR, Delaney, JA (2009) Higher education funding: The new normal. Change 41(4): 60–62. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Dunn, L, Wallace, M (2004) Australian academics teaching in Singapore: Striving for cultural empathy. Innovations in Education and Teaching International 41(3): 291–304. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Dunn, R, Griggs, S A (2000) Practical Approaches to Using Learning Styles in Higher Education. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey. Google Scholar | |
|
Eastman, JA (2006) Revenue generation and organisational change in higher education: Insights from Canada. Higher Education Management & Policy 18(3): 1–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Evans, L (2011) The “Shape” of teacher professionalism in England: Professional standards, performance management, professional development and the changes proposed in the 2010 White Paper. British Educational Research Journal 37(5): 851–870. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Evans, L (2008) Professionalism, professionality and the development of education professionals. British Journal of Educational Studies 56(1): 20–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8527.2007.00392.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Findlow, S (2008) Accountability and innovation in higher education: A disabling tension? Studies in Higher Education 33(3): 313–329. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gardner, H (1999) Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century. New York, NY: Basic Books. Google Scholar | |
|
Greenberg, M (2004) A university is not a business (and other fantasies). EDUCAUSE Review 39: 10–16. Google Scholar | |
|
Hager, P, Holland, S, Beckett, D (2003) Enhancing the learning and employability of graduates: The role of generic skills. Business/Higher Education Round Table: n.p. Google Scholar | |
|
Hazelkorn, E (2009) Institutional mission vs policy constraint? Unlocking potential. Higher Education Management & Policy 17(2): 43–60. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Holt, D (2010) Strategic Leadership for Institutional Teaching and Learning Centres: Developing a Model for the 21st Century. Strawberry Hills, NSW Australian Government Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. Google Scholar | |
|
Horn, M (1999) Tenure and the Canadian professoriate. Journal of Canadian Studies 34(3): 261–281. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Johnson, DW, Johnson, RT, Smith, KA (1998) Cooperative learning returns to college: What evidence is there that it works? Change 30(4): 26–35. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Johnson, DW, Johnson, RT, Smith, KA (2007) The state of cooperative learning in postsecondary and professional settings. Educational Psychological Review 19: 15–29. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kai, J (2009) A critical analysis of accountability in higher education: Its relevance to evaluation of higher education. Chinese Education and Society 42(2): 39–51. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Knapper, C (2010) Changing teaching practice: Barriers and strategies. In: Christensen Hughes, J, Mighty, J (eds) Taking Stock. Research on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Kingston, ON: School of Policy Studies Queens University, pp. 229–242. Google Scholar | |
|
Knowles, MS, Holton, III EF, Swanson, RA (2005) The Adult Learner: The Definitive Classic in Adult Education and Human Resource Development (6th ed). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kouzes, JM, Posner, BZ (2003) Academic Administrators Guide to Exemplary Leadership. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Lao, T, Gonzales, C (2005) Understanding online learning through a qualitative description of professors and students experiences. Journal of Technology and Teacher Education 13(3): 459–474. Google Scholar | |
|
Levine, A, Sun, JC (2002) Barriers to Distance Education. Washington, DC: American Council on Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Marginson, S (2006) Dynamics of national and global competition in higher education. Higher Education 52: 1–39. DOI: 101007/s10734-004-7649-x. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Marginson, S (2009) The knowledge economy and Higher Education: A system for regulating the value of knowledge. Higher Education Management & Policy 21(1): 1–15. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mény, Y (2008) Higher Education in Europe: National systems European programmes global issues Can they be reconciled? European Political Science 7(3): 324–334. DOI: 101057/eps200826. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Merriam, SB, Grace, AP (2011) The Jossey-Bass Reader on Contemporary Issues in Adult Education. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Merriam, SB (2006) Learning in Adulthood. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Google Scholar | |
|
Mills, GE (2000) Action Research: A Guide for the Teacher Researcher. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall Inc. Google Scholar | |
|
Mysyk, A (2001) The sessional lecturer as migrant labourer. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education 31(3): 73–92. Google Scholar | |
|
Paewai, SR, Meyer, LH, Houston, DJ (2007) Problem solving academic workloads management: A university response. Higher Education Quarterly 61(3): 375–390. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Price, L, Kirkwood, A (2008) Learning and teaching and technology. In: Scott, S, Dixon, K (eds) The Globalised University: Trends and Development in Teaching and Learning. Perth, Western Australia: Black Swan Press, pp.83–113. Google Scholar | |
|
Prosser, M, Trigwell, K (1999a) Understanding Learning and Teaching, on Deep and Surface Learning. Society for Research into Higher Education and Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Prosser, M, Trigwell, K (1999b) Understanding Learning and Teaching: The Experience in Higher Education. Buckingham, UK: Open University Press. Google Scholar | |
|
Prosser, M, Martin, E, Trigwell, K. (2008) University academics experience of research and its relationship to their experience of teaching. Instructional Science: An International Journal of the Learning Sciences 36(1): 3–16. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ramsden, P, Martin, E (1996) Recognition of good university teaching: Policies from an Australian study. Studies in Higher Education 21(3): 299–315. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ramsden, P, Moses, I (1992) Associations between research and teaching in Australian higher education. Higher Education 23: 273–295. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Ramsden, P (1998) Learning to Lead in Higher Education. London, UK: Routledge Falmer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ramsden, P (2003) Learning to Teach in Higher Education. (2nd ed) London UK: Routledge Falmer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ramsden, P, Margetson, D, Martin, E, Clarke, S (1995) Recognising and rewarding good teaching in Australian higher education. Report for the Committee for the Advancement of University Teaching. Canberra, Australia. Google Scholar | |
|
Schon, D (1987) The Reflective Practitioner. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, DE, Scott, S (2011) Multi-faceted professional development models designed to enhance teaching and learning within universities. In: Lindberg, JO, Olofsson, AD (eds) Informed design of educational technologies in higher education: Enhanced learning and teaching. Hershey, PA: IGI Global, pp.412–437. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, DE (2009) Effective online learning experiences: Exploring potential relationships between Voice-over-Internet-Protocol (VoIP) learning environments and adult learners’ motivation multiple intelligences and learning styles. PhD Thesis. Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, S, Guthrie, R (2003) Exploring the role of leadership in creating and fostering learning communities within Business Law higher education. The International Journal of Learning 10, n.p. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, S (2002 10) Is anyone out there? The negotiation and development of a systematic approach to building learning communities in a Business higher education setting. In: the 16th Australian International Education Conference, Hobart, Tasmania. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, S (2003) Professional development: A study of secondary teachers’ experiences and perspectives The International Journal of Learning 10, n.p. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, S, Issa, T (2006) Team work skills do not come naturally even for adult learners! Embedding structure and scaffolding into the university program are essential for optimal results. In: the British Educational Research Association conference, Warwick University, UK. Google Scholar | |
|
Scott, S, Issa, T, Issa, T (2008) Closing the loop. The relationship between instructor-reflective practice and students’ satisfaction and quality outcomes. International Journal of Learning 15(3): 109–120. Google Scholar | |
|
Serow, RC (2000) Research and teaching at a research university. Higher Education 40(4): 449–463. DOI: 101023/a:1004154512833. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Smith, PL, Ragan, TJ (2005) Instructional Design. New York, NY: Wiley Publishing Inc. Google Scholar | |
|
Summerlee, AJS, Christensen Hughes, J (2010) Pressures for change and the future of university education. In: Christensen Hughes, J, Mighty, J (eds) Taking Stock: Research on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education. Montreal, QC: School of Policy Studies Queens University, pp.243–260. Google Scholar | |
|
The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (2012) The UK quality code for higher education: A brief guide. The Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (ed) Gloucester UK Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education. Google Scholar | |
|
Uhibai, S (2013) Reflection on the development of Chinese higher education in the post-industrial area. In Eurasian Higher Education Leaders Forum Conference Proceedings, eds Reagan, T, Sagintayeva, A. Astana, Kazakhstan. Google Scholar | |
|
van Vught, F (2009) The EU innovation agenda: Challenges for European Higher Education and research. Higher Education Management & Policy 21(2): 1–19. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Walker, J (2008) Social/corporate accountability: A university's “trek” towards excellence. Canadian Journal of Higher Education 38(2): 45–71. Google Scholar | |
|
Watson, C (2011) Accountability, transparency, redundancy: Academic identities in an era of “excellence”. British Educational Research Journal 37(6): 955–971. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Wong, JK (2004) Are the learning styles of Asian international students culturally or contextually based? International Education Journal 4: 154–166. Google Scholar |

