![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Nowadays, emerging adults live in a context of macroeconomic uncertainty. As the major processes of one’s identity exploration currently occur in emerging adulthood, understanding how these individuals foresee their future is of special interest. The purpose of this study was 2-fold: (i) to investigate future orientation (FO) in a sample of Portuguese emerging adults and (ii) to validate the Portuguese version of the Hopes and Fears Questionnaire. Data from 332 individuals were analyzed. Results demonstrated that participants’ future hopes and fears were mainly pertaining to education, work/career, and family/marriage. Participants also reported concerns related to their financial resources. Thus, the results showed that participants’ FO reflected major tasks associated with their development stage, as well as contextual factors, such as macroeconomic trends. This study contributed to the knowledge of emerging adulthood in Portugal, simultaneously providing a useful and reliable measure to evaluate emerging adults’ FO in that country.
References
|
Arnett, J. J. (2015). Emerging adulthood: The winding road from the late teens through the twenties (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Arnett, J. J., Žukauskiene, R., Sugimura, K. (2014). The new life stage of emerging adulthood at ages 18-29 years: Implications for mental health. The Lancet Psychiatry, 1, 569–576. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)00080-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Cohen, J. W. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Google Scholar | |
|
Devadason, R. (2008). To plan or not to plan? Young adult future orientations in two European cities. Sociology, 42, 1127–1145. doi:10.1177/0038038508096937 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Gjersing, L., Caplehorn, J., Clausen, T. (2010). Cross-cultural adaptation of research instruments: Language, setting, time and statistical considerations. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10, 13. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-10-13 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Husman, J., Shell, D. (2008). Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 18, 166–175. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kolesovs, A. (2013). Domain specific and general future orientation of high school students in Latvia under socioeconomic changes. International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach, 12, 71–83. doi:10.7220/1941-7233.12.4 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Malmberg, L. E., Norrgård, S. (1999). Adolescents’ ideas of normative life span development and personal future goals. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 33–47. doi:10.1006/jado.1998.0199 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Marttinen, E., Dietrich, J., Salmela-Aro, K. (2016). Dark shadows of rumination: Finnish young adults’ identity profiles, personal goals and concerns. Journal of Adolescence, 47, 185–196. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.10.024 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Massey, E. K., Gebhardt, W. A., Garnefski, N. (2008). Adolescent goal content and pursuit: A review of the literature from the past 16 years. Developmental Review, 28, 421–460. doi:10.1016/j.dr.2008.03.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E. (1991). How do adolescents see their future? A review of the development of future orientation and planning. Developmental Review, 11, 1–59. doi:10.1016/0273-2297(91)90002-6 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E . (2004). Socialization and self-development: Channeling, selection, adjustment, and reflection. In Lerner, R., Steinberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 85–124). New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E., Poole, M. E., Kalakoski, V. (1994). Age differences in adolescent future-oriented goals, concerns, and related temporal extension in different sociocultural contexts. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 23, 471–487. Retrieved from http://doi:10.1007/BF01538040 Google Scholar | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E., Poole, M. E., Seginer, R. (1990). Future hopes and fears questionnaire. Helsinki, Finland: Department of Psychology, University of Helsinki. Google Scholar | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E., Poole, M. E., Seginer, R. (1995). Tracks and transitions: A comparison of adolescent future-oriented goals, explorations and commitments in Australia, Israel, and Finland. International Journal of Psychology, 30, 355–375. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nurmi, J.-E., Salmela-Aro, K. (2002). Goal construction, reconstruction and depressive symptoms in a life-span context: The transition from school to work. Journal of Personality, 70, 385–420. doi:10.1111/1467-6494.05009 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development . (2017). OECD economic surveys: Portugal. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/eco/surveys/Portugal-2017-OECD-economic-survey-overview.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
Pavot, W., Diener, E. (1993). Review of the satisfaction with life scale. Psychological Assessment, 5, 164–172. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ranta, M., Dietrich, J., Salmela-Aro, K. (2014). Career and romantic relationship goals and concerns during emerging adulthood. Emerging Adulthood, 2, 17–26. doi:10.1177/2167696813515852 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Salmela-Aro, K., Aunola, K., Nurmi, J.-E. (2007). Personal goals during emerging adulthood. A 10-year follow-up. Journal of Adolescent Research, 22, 690–715. doi:10.1177/0743558407303978 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Salmela-Aro, K., Nurmi, J.-E. (1997). Goal contents, well-being and life context during transition to university: A longitudinal study. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 471–491. doi:10.1080/016502597385234 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Seginer, R. (2009). Future orientation. Developmental and ecological perspectives. New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | |
|
Seginer, R., Lens, W. (2015). The motivational properties of future time perspective future orientation: different approaches, different cultures. In Stolarski, M., Fieulaine, N., van Beek, W. (Eds.), Time perspective theory; Review, research and application: Essays in honor of Philip G. Zimbardo (pp. 287–304). Berlin, Germany: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Trommsdorff, G. (1994). Future time perspective and control orientation: Social conditions and consequences. In Zaleski, Z. (Ed.), Psychology of future orientation (pp. 23–38). Lublin, Poland: Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL. Google Scholar | |
|
Trommsdorff, G., Lamm, H., Schmide, R. W. (1979). A longitudinal study of adolescents’ future orientation (time perspective). Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8, 131–147. doi:10.1007/BF02087616 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI |
