Abstract
Technical communication's attempt to prioritize theories of scholarship and pedagogy has resulted in several authors contributing a three-dimensional framework to approach technology: the instrumental perspective, the critical humanist perspective, and the user-centered perspective [1–3]. This article traces connections between this framework for technical communication and the philosophies of Michel de Certeau [4] and Andrew Feenberg [5], suggesting that the primary connection is a turn toward “rhetoric” as a mediator between scientific and philosophical communication. The article concludes that the current paradigm for understanding technology can be best understood by exploring three conjoined, yet competing, mentalities between a scientific, philosophical, and rhetorical worldview. While this three-dimensional approach provides a strong foundation for technical communication pedagogy and scholarship, it should continue to be re-examined for potential anomalies as the field continues to develop an identity.
| 1. | Johnson, R. , User-Centered Technology: A Rhetorical Theory for Computers and Other Mundane Artifacts, SUNY, New York, 1998. Google Scholar |
| 2. | Selber, S. , Multiliteracies for a Digital Age, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 2004. Google Scholar |
| 3. | Carter, J. , Market Matters: Applied Rhetoric Studies and Free Market Competition, Hampton Press, Cresskill, New Jersey, 2005. Google Scholar |
| 4. | de Certeau, M. , The Practice of Everyday Life, (Rendall, S. , Trans.), University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1988. Google Scholar |
| 5. | Feenberg, A. , Transforming Technology: A Critical Theory Revised, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2002. Google Scholar |
| 6. | Selting, B. , Conversations with Technical Writing Teachers: Defining a Problem, Technical Communication Quarterly, 11, pp. 251–266, 2002. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 7. | Longo, B. , Spurious Coin: A History of Science, Management, and Technical Writing, SUNY, New York, 2000. Google Scholar |
| 8. | Spilka, R. , Digital Literacy for Technical Communication: 21st Century Theory and Practice, Routledge, New York, 2010. Google Scholar |
| 9. | Hass, C. , Writing Technology: Studies on the Materiality of Literacy, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, 1996. Google Scholar |
| 10. | Johnson, R. , Complicating Technology: Interdisciplinary Method, the Burden of Comprehension, and the Ethical Space of the Technical Communicator, Technical Communication Quarterly, 7, pp. 75–98, 1998. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 11. | Zachry, M. , An Interview with Andrew Feenberg, Technical Communication Quarterly, 16, pp. 453–472, 2007. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 12. | Kimball, M. A. , Cars, Culture, and Tactical Technical Communication, Technical Communication Quarterly, 15, pp. 67–86, 2006. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 13. | Salvo, M. , Rhetorical Action in Professional Space: Information Architecture as Critical Practice, Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 18, pp. 39–66, 2004. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
| 14. | Turnley, M. , Integrating Critical Approaches to Technology and Service Learning Projects, Technical Communication Quarterly, 16, pp. 103–123, 2007. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 15. | Germaine-McDaniel, N. S. , Technical Communication in the Health Fields: Executive Order 13166 and Its Impact on Translation and Localization, Technical Communication, 5, pp. 251–265, 2010. Google Scholar |
| 16. | Miller, C. R. , A Humanistic Rational for Technical Writing, Central Works in Technical Communication, Johnson-Eilola, J. and Selber, S. A. (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 47–54, 2004. Google Scholar |
| 17. | Feenberg, A. , Questioning Technology, Routledge, London, 1999. Google Scholar |
| 18. | Moore, P. , Legitimizing Technical Communication in English Departments: Carolyn Miller's “Humanistic Rational for Technical Writing,” Journal of Technical Writing and Communication, 36, pp. 167–182, 2006. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
| 19. | Mirel, B. and Spilka, R. , Reshaping Technical Communication: New Directions and Challenges for the 21st Century, Lawrence Erlbaum, Mahwah, New Jersey, 2002. Google Scholar |
| 20. | Katz, S. B. , The Ethic of Expediency: Classical Rhetoric, Technology, and the Holocaust, Central Works in Technical Communication, Johnson-Eilola, J. and Selber, S. A. (eds.) Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 194–210, 2004. Google Scholar |
| 21. | Barton, B. F. and Barton, M. S. , Ideology and the Map: Toward a Postmodern Visual Design Practice. Central Works in Technical Communication, Johnson-Eilola, J. and Selber, S. A. (eds.), Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 232–252, 1993. Google Scholar |
| 22. | Johnson-Eilola, J. and Selber, S. , Central Works in Technical Communication, Oxford University Press, New York, 2004. Google Scholar |
| 23. | Kemp, F. , The Aesthetic Anvil: The Foundation of Resistance to Technology and Innovation in English Departments, in Market Matters, Carter, J. (ed.), Hampton, Cresskill, New Jersey, pp. 77–94, 2005. Google Scholar |
| 24. | Kinneavy, J. L. , A Theory of Discourse, Norton, New York, 1971. Google Scholar |
| 25. | Lanham, R. , The Electronic Word: Democracy, Technology, and the Arts, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 1993. Google Scholar | Crossref |
| 26. | Lanham, R. , The Economics of Attention: Style and Substance in the Age of Information, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 2006. Google Scholar |
| 27. | Booth, W. C. , The Rhetoric of Rhetoric: The Quest for Effective Communication, Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts, 2004. Google Scholar |
| 28. | Fish, S. , Rhetoric, in Critical Terms for Literary Study (2nd Edition), Lentriccha, F. and McLaughlin, T. (eds.), University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 203–22, 1995. Google Scholar |
| 29. | Berlin, J. A. , Rhetoric and Reality: Writing Instruction in American Colleges, 1900–1985, Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, Illinois, 1987. Google Scholar |
| 30. | Feenberg, A. , Alternative Modernity: The Technical Turn in Philosophy and Social Theory, University of California Press, Berkeley, California, 1995. Google Scholar |
| 31. | Winner, L. , Social Constructivism: Opening the Black Box and Finding it Empty, Philosophy of Technology: The Technological Condition, Scarff, R. C. and Dusek, V. (eds.), Blackwell, Malden, Massachusetts, pp. 233–244, 2003. Google Scholar |
| 32. | Heidegger, M. , The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, Harper and Row, New York, 1977. Google Scholar |
| 33. | Ellul, J. , The Technological Society, Vintage, New York, 1964. Google Scholar |
| 34. | Marcuse, H. , One-Dimensional Man, Beacon Press, Boston, Massachusetts, 1964. Google Scholar |
| 35. | Mumford, L. , The Story of Utopias, 1992. Retrieved from http://www.sacredtexts.com/utopia/sou/index.htm Google Scholar |
| 36. | Salvo, M. , There is No Salvation: Rhetoricians Working in an Age of Information, in Market Matters, Carter, J. (ed.), Hampton, Cresskill, New Jersey, pp. 109–134, 2005. Google Scholar |
| 37. | Freire, P. , Pedagogy of the Oppressed, Continuum International, New York, 2005. Google Scholar |
| 38. | Garrison, K. , Perpetuating the Technological Ideology: An Ellulian Critique of Feenberg's Democratized Rationalization, Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society, 30, pp. 195–204, 2010. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals |
| 39. | Thomson, I. , From the Question Concerning Technology to the Quest for a Democratic Technology: Heidegger, Marcuse, and Feenberg, Inquiry, 43, pp. 203–216, 2000. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |
| 40. | Ellul, J. , The Technological Bluff, Eerdmans Publishing Co, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1989. Google Scholar |
| 41. | Kurzweil, R. , The Singularity is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, Penguin, New York, 2005. Google Scholar |
| 42. | Diamond, J. , Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies, Norton, New York, 1999. Google Scholar |
| 43. | Oudshoorn, N., Rommes, E., and Stienstra, M. , Configuring the User as Everybody: Gender and Design Cultures in Information and Communication Technologies, Science, Technology, and Human Values, 29, pp. 30–63, 2004. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
| 44. | Veak, T. , Whose Technology? Whose Modernity? Questioning Feenberg's Questioning Technology, Science, Technology, and Human Values, 25, pp. 226–237, 2000. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |
| Garrison, K. , Designing and Implementing a Low-Cost Usability Testing Laboratory: Theoretical Justifications and Practical Considerations, Technical Communication, 60, pp. 175–189, 2013. Google Scholar | ISI | |
| Garrison, K. , Effects Alternative Theory of Technology: Anticipating the Fourth Mileu of Virtuality, Explorations in Media Ecology, 11, pp. 55–70, 2012. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
| Garrison, K. , Perpetuating the Technological Ideology: An Ellulian Critique of Feenberg's Democratized Rationalization, Bulletin of Science, Technology, and Society, 30(3), pp. 195–204, 2010. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
| Garrison, K. , Using Text to Speech Software to Devise First-Year College Students Essays, Computer and Composition, 20, pp. 288–301, 2009. Google Scholar | Crossref |

