![[PDF]](/pb-assets/Icons/adobe-pdf-icon-1498649896243.png){kind=icon}
Abstract
Objectives:
We examined trends in prevalence rates of smoking and smoking cessation during pregnancy among women in the United States to assess achievement of Healthy People 2020 prevention targets.
Methods:
We assessed the smoking habits of 30 667 mothers whose children were born between 1985 and 2014 and who were sampled by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2014. Sampled participants were children aged 0-15 at the time of interview; however, an adult proxy—usually the biological mother—responded on the child’s behalf and reported information about maternal tobacco use during pregnancy. We calculated prevalence rates, adjusted odds ratios (aORs), and predicted annual increase or decrease of smoking and quitting smoking during pregnancy, adjusting for mother’s age at delivery and income level and child’s race/ethnicity and sex.
Results:
The average annual prevalence of smoking at any time during pregnancy decreased from 25.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.3%-36.0%) in 1985 to 10.1% (95% CI, 7.1%-13.0%) in 2014 (P < .001), and quitting smoking at any time during the index pregnancy increased from 36.6% (95% CI, 20.3%-52.9%) in 1985 to 54.9% (95% CI, 44.4%-65.4%) in 2008 (P = .002). The adjusted annual risk of smoking during pregnancy decreased significantly by 3% (aOR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98; P < .001). The prevalence rate of smoking in the year 2020 extrapolated from the current trend would be 6.1%.
References
| 1. |
Dietz, PM, England, LJ, Shapiro-Mendoza, CK, Tong, VT, Farr, SL, Callaghan, WM. Infant morbidity and mortality attributable to prenatal smoking in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2010;39(1):45–52. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 2. |
Mathews, TJ . Smoking during pregnancy in the 1990s. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2001;49(7):1–14. Google Scholar |
| 3. |
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, US Department of Health and Human Services . Healthy People 2020 topics and objectives: maternal, infant, and child health. https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/maternal-infant-and-child-health/objectives . Accessed January 12, 2014. Google Scholar |
| 4. |
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Vital Statistics System: datasets and related documentation for birth data. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/birth_methods.htm. Published 2015. Accessed May 25, 2018. Google Scholar |
| 5. |
Ventura, SJ, Hamilton, BE, Mathews, TJ, Chandra, A. Trends and variations in smoking during pregnancy and low birth weight: evidence from the birth certificate, 1990-2000. Pediatrics. 2003;111(5, pt 2):1176–1180. Google Scholar | Medline | ISI |
| 6. |
Tong, VT, Dietz, PM, Morrow, B. Trends in smoking before, during, and after pregnancy—Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), United States, 40 sites, 2000-2010. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2013;62(SS06):1–19. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 7. |
National Cancer Institute . Cancer trends progress report, 2009/2010 update. https://progressreport.cancer.gov/sites/default/files/archive/report2009.pdf. Published April 2010. Accessed January 4, 2014. Google Scholar |
| 8. |
Ebrahim, SH, Floyd, RL, Merritt, RK II, Decoufle, P, Holtzman, D. Trends in pregnancy-related smoking rates in the United States, 1987-1996. JAMA. 2000;283(3):361–366. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 9. |
Cook, J, Owen, P, Bender, B. State-specific prevalence of cigarette smoking among adults, and children’s and adolescents’ exposure to environmental tobacco smoke—United States, 1996. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997;46(44):1038–1043. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 10. |
Pub L No. 91-452, 84 Stat 941 (1970). Google Scholar |
| 11. |
Glantz, SA, Barnes, R, Eubanks, SY. Compromise or capitulation? US Food and Drug Administration jurisdiction over tobacco products. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7):e1000118. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 12. |
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhanes/2015-2016/manuals/2016_Interviewer_Procedures_Manual.pdf. Updated 2018. Accessed June 7, 2018. Google Scholar |
| 13. |
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: questionnaires, datasets, and related documentation: early childhood module, 1999-2014. https://wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/default.aspx. Accessed May 18, 2018. Google Scholar |
| 14. |
US Census Bureau . How the Census Bureau measures poverty. https://www.census.gov/topics/income-poverty/poverty/guidance/poverty-measures.html. Accessed July 1, 2016. Google Scholar |
| 15. |
Bloom, B, Cohen, RA, Freeman, G. Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2008. Vital Health Stat. 2009;10(244):1–81. Google Scholar |
| 16. |
SAS Institute, Inc . SAS Version 9.3. Cary, NC: SAS Institute, Inc; 2011. Google Scholar |
| 17. |
Martin, JA, Hamilton, BE, Sutton, PD. Births: final data for 2005. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2007;56(6):1–103. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 18. |
Curtin, SC, Mathews, TJ. Smoking prevalence and cessation before and during pregnancy: data from the birth certificate, 2014. Natl Vital Stat Rep. 2016;65(1):1–14. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 19. |
US 111th Cong, HR 3590 §4205 (2010). Google Scholar |
| 20. |
Dietz, PM, Homa, D, England, LJ. Estimates of nondisclosure of cigarette smoking among pregnant and nonpregnant women of reproductive age in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2011;173(3):355–359. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 21. |
Chamberlain, C, O’Mara-Eves, A, Oliver, S. Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;(10):CD001055. Google Scholar |
| 22. |
Liu, J, Tuvblad, C, Li, L, Raine, A, Baker, LA. Medical record validation of maternal recall of pregnancy and birth events from a twin cohort. Twin Res Hum Genet. 2013;16(4):845–860. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 23. |
Pickett, KE, Kasza, K, Biesecker, G, Wright, RJ, Wakschlag, LS. Women who remember, women who do not: a methodological study of maternal recall of smoking in pregnancy. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009;11(10):1166–1174. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 24. |
Zhang, J, Muldoon, MF, McKeown, RE, Cuffe, SP. Association of serum cholesterol and history of school suspension among school-age children and adolescents in the United States. Am J Epidemiol. 2005;161(7):691–699. Google Scholar | Medline |
| 25. |
US Census Bureau . Historical living arrangements of children. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/children.html. Published November 2017. Accessed June 6, 2018. Google Scholar |
| 26. |
US Department of Health and Human Services . The Health Consequences of Smoking–50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2014. https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/index.html. Accessed May 12, 2018. Google Scholar |
