This study tested the moderation effect that leader support had on the relation between a family-supportive work environment (FSWE) and work–family conflict (WFC) in the Portuguese Navy. Data were collected through the application of a questionnaire to 260 career Navy junior and senior officers. Results indicated that a positive relation existed between the FSWE and WFC, being so that more FSWE related to more WFC. When bringing leader’s support to the subject, the only relation found was between leader support and WFC in which less leader support related to more WFC. The results didn’t back up the hypothesis that leader support had a positive moderating impact on the relationship between an FSWE and WFC. Given this, the results are discussed considering the theory on WFC and possible implications for future research and practice are presented for the Portuguese Navy.

Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organization perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414435. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Allen, T. D., Cho, E., Meier, L. L. (2014).Work-family boundary dynamics. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 99121. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091330
Google Scholar | Crossref
Andres, M., Moelker, R., Soeters, J. (2012). The work-family conflict interface and turnover intentions over the course of project-oriented assignments abroad. International Journal of Project Management, 30, 752759. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.01.006
Google Scholar | Crossref
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. The Academy of Management Review, 25(3): 472491.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 199218. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Baron, R. M., Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 11731182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Beauregard, T. A., Henry, L. C. (2009). Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human Resource Management Review, 19, 922. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Beham, B. (2011). Work-family conflict and organizational citizenship behavior: Empirical evidence form Spanish employees. Community, Work & Family, 14, 6380. doi:10.1018/13668803.2010.506034
Google Scholar | Crossref
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Blanch, A., Aluja, A. (2009). Work, family and personality: A study of work-family conflict. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 520524. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.004
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Bourg, C., Segal, M. W. (1999). The impact of family supportive policies and practices on organizational commitment to the army. Armed Forces & Society, 25, 633652. doi:10.1177/0095327x9902500406
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Bridger, R. S., Brasher, K., Dew, A., Kilminster, S. (2011). Job stressors in naval personnel serving on ships and in personnel serving ashore over a twelve month period. Applied Ergonomics, 42, 710718. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.11.005
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline
Britt, T. W., Craig, R. D. (2005). Predicting work-family conflict from workload, job attitudes, group attitudes and health. Military Psychology, 17, 203227. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1703_5
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Burrell, L. M., Adams, G. A., Durand, D. B., Castro, C. A. (2006). The impact of military lifestyle demands on well-being, army, and family outcomes. Armed Forces & Society, 33, 4358. doi:10.1177/0002764206288804
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Carrilho, L. (2007). Generais E Almirantes De Amanhã. As Forças Armadas No Feminino. Porto, Portugal: Edições Afrontamento.
Google Scholar
Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J. (2016). Perceived high-performance work systems and subjective well-being: Work-family balance and well-being at work as mediators. Journal of Career Development, 43, 116129. doi:10.1177/089484531558313
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J. (2017). Work-family conflict and enrichment mediates the relationship between job characteristics and well-being at work with Portuguese Marine Corps. Armed Forces & Society, 20, 121. doi:10.1177/0095327x17698121
Google Scholar
Casper, W. J., Eby, L. T., Bordeaux, C., Lockwood, A., Lambert, D. (2007). A review of research in IO/OB work-family research. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 2843. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.28
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Chambel, M. J., Castanheira, F., Oliveira-Cruz, A., Lopes, S. (2015). Work context support and Portuguese soldiers’ well-being. The mediating role of autonomous motivation. Military Psychology, 27, 297310. doi:10.1037/mi10000087
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Crompton, R., Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life balance in Europe. Acta Sociologica, 49, 379393. doi:10.1177/0001699306071680
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Cunha, M., Rego, A., Cunha, R., Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2007). Manual de Comportamento Organizacional e Gestão. Lisboa, Portugal: Editora RH.
Google Scholar
Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2012). Work-family interface from a life and career stage perspective: The role of demands and resource. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 241258. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.699055
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
den Dulk, L., Peters, P., Poutsma, E. (2012). Variations in adoption of workplace work-family arrangements in Europe: The influence of welfare-state regime and organizational characteristics. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 27852808. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.676925
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., Weer, C. H. (2011). Job level, demands, and resources as antecedents of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 305314. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.002
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Edlund, J. (2007). The work-family time squeeze: Conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48, 451480. doi:10.1177/0020715207083338
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals
Eisenberger, R., Huntigton, R., Hutchinson, S., Dowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500507. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565573. doi:10.1034/0021-9010.87.3.565
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, 10, 8799. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0109-6
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Fiksenbaum, L. M. (2014). Supportive work-family environments: Implications for work-family conflict and well-being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 653672. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.796314
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Frye, N. K., Breaugh, J. A. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 197220. doi:10.1007/s10869-004-0548-4
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Forest, J., Brunault, P., Colombat, P. (2012). The impact of organizational factors on psychological needs and their relations with well-being. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 437450. doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9253-2
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Greenhaus, J. H., Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 7688. doi:10.5465/AMR.1985.4277352
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Greenhaus, J. H., Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 7292. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.19379625
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Greenhaus, J. H., Ziegert, J. C., Allen, T. D. (2012). When family-supportive supervision matters: Relations between multiple sources of support and work-family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 266275. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.10.008
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Zimmerman, K., Daniels, R. (2007). Clarifying the construct of family supportive supervisory behaviours (FSSB): A multilevel perspective. In Perrewé, P. L., Ganster, D. C. (Eds.), Exploring the work and non-work interface (Research in occupational stress and well-being, Vol. 6) (pp. 165204). Bingley: Emerald Group.
Google Scholar
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress. New York, NY: Wiley.
Google Scholar
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D.…Casper, L. M. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family and health network. American Sociological Review, 79, 485516. doi:10.1177/0003122414531435
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Kossek, E. E., Barber, A. E., Winters, D. (1999). Using flexible schedules in the managerial world: The power of peers. Human Resource Management Journal, 38, 3346.
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64, 289313. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Lapierre, L. M., Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S., Cooper, C. L., O’Driscoll, M. P.…Kinnunen, U. (2008). Family-supportive organization perceptions, multiple dimensions of work-family conflict, and employee satisfaction: A test of model across five samples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 92106. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.001
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Lester, P., Leskin, G., Woodward, K., Saltzman, W., Nash, W., Mogil, C.…Beardslee, W. (2011). Wartime deployment and military children: Applying prevention science to enhance family resilience. In Wadsworth, S. M., Riggs, D. (Eds.), Risk and resilience in U.S. military families (pp. 149173). New York, NY: Springer.
Google Scholar | Crossref
Liao, P.-Y. (2011). Linking work-family conflict to job attitudes: The mediating role of social exchange relationships. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 29652980. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.606117
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Limbert, C . (2014). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction amongst military personnel on unaccompanied tours: The impact of perceived social support and coping strategies. Military Psychology, 16, 3751. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1601_3
Google Scholar | Crossref
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T. (2012). Work-family culture and job satisfaction: Does gender and parenting status alter the relationship? Community, Work & Family, 15, 101129. doi:10.1080/13668803.2011.598733
Google Scholar | Crossref
McNamara, T. K., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., Brown, M., Valcour, M. (2013). Across the continuum of satisfaction with work-family balance: Work hours, flexibility-fit, and work-family culture. Social Science Research, 42, 283298. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.10.002
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., Viswesvaran, C. (2006). How family-friendly work environments affect work/family conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Labor Research, 27, 555574. doi:10.1007/s12122-006-1020 -1
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Michel, J. S., Mitchelson, J. K., Kotrba, L. M., LeBreton, J. M., Baltes, B. B. (2009). A comparative test of work-family conflict models and critical examination of work-family linkages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 199218. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.005
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Mills, M. J., Matthews, R. A., Henning, J. B., Woo, V. A. (2014). Family-supportive organizations and supervisors: How they influence employee outcomes and for whom? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 17631785. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.860387
Google Scholar | Crossref
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400410. doi:10.1034/0021-9010.81.4.400
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Nielson, T. T., Carlson, D. S., Lankau, M. J. (2001). The supportive mentor as a means of reducing work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 364381. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1806
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Nohe, C., Meier, L. L., Sonntag, K., Michel, A. (2015).The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 522536. doi:10.1037/a0038012
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Nomaguchi, K. M. (2009). Change in work-family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 1532. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00577.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Pestana, M. H., Gageiro, J. N. (2008). Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais [Data analysis for social sciences]. A Complementaridade do SPSS [The complementarity of SPSS]. Lisboa, Portugal: Edições Sílabo.
Google Scholar
Ribeiro, M. T., Pimenta, S. (2014). Work-family: A matter of balance? In Chambel, M. J., Ribeiro, M. T. R. (Coords.), The relationship between work and a family: From conflict to enrichment (pp. 1240). Lisboa, Portugal: Editora RH.
Google Scholar
Rothausen, T. J. (1999). “Family” in organizational research: A review and comparison of definitions and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 817836. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199911)20:6<817:: AID-JOB953>3.0
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655684. doi:10.2307/3094827
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Sachau, D. A., Gertz, J., Matsch, M., Palmer, A. J., Englert, D. (2012). Work-life conflict and organizational support in a military law enforcement agency. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27, 6372. doi:10.1007/s11896-011-9095-x
Google Scholar | Crossref
Santos, J. L. (2012). Forças Armadas Em Portugal [Armed Forces in Portugal]. Lisboa, Portugal: Fundação Francisco Manuel Dos Santos/Relógio D’Água Editores.
Google Scholar
Scandura, T. A., Viator, R. E. (1994). Mentoring in public accounting firms: An analysis of mentoring-protégé relationships, mentorship functions and protégé turnover intentions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 19, 717734. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(94)90031-0
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Segal, M. W. (1986). The military and the family as greedy institutions. Armed Forces & Society, 13, 938. doi:10.1177/0095327x8601300101
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Shinn, M., Wong, N. W., Simko, P. A., Ortiz-Torres, B. (1989). Promoting the well-being of working parents: Coping, social support and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 3155. doi:10.1007/BF00931201
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173180. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Stier, H., Lewin-Epstein, N., Braun, M. (2012). Work-family conflict in comparative perspective: The role of social policies. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 30, 265279. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.02.001
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., Jex, S. M. (2005). Interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment: Examining two levels of supervisory support as multilevel moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 23752398. doi:10.1111/j.1559-18163.2005.tb02107.x
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Thomas, L. T., Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 615. doi:10.10347/0021-9010.80.1.6
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392415. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Thompson, C. A., Prottas, D. J. (2005). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 100118.
Google Scholar
Valcour, M., Ollier-Malaterre, A., Matz-Costa, C., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Brown, M. (2011). Influences on employee perceptions of organizational work-life support: Signals and resources. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 588595. doi:10.1016/j-jvb.2011.02.002
Google Scholar | Crossref
van der Lippe, T., Jager, A., Kops, Y. (2006). Combination pressure: The paid work-family balance of men and women in European countries. Acta Sociologica, 49, 303319. doi:10.1177/0001699306067711
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Wadsworth, S. M., Southwell, K. (2011). Military families: Extreme work and extreme “work-family.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 63, 163183. doi:10.1177/0002716211416445
Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI
Westring, A. F., Ryan, A. M. (2011). Anticipated work-family conflict: A construct investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 596610. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.02.004
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Whisman, M. A., McClelland, G. H. (2005). Designing, testing, and interpreting interactions and moderator effects in family research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 111120. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.111
Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI
Wright, K. M., Foran, H. M., Wood, M. D. (2014). Community needs among service members after return from combat deployment. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 127142. doi:10.1002/jcop.21598
Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI
Access Options

My Account

Welcome
You do not have access to this content.



Chinese Institutions / 中国用户

Click the button below for the full-text content

请点击以下获取该全文

Institutional Access

does not have access to this content.

Purchase Content

24 hours online access to download content

Research off-campus without worrying about access issues. Find out about Lean Library here.

Your Access Options


Purchase

AFS-article-ppv for $36.00
Single Issue 24 hour E-access for $234.66