Abstract
This study tested the moderation effect that leader support had on the relation between a family-supportive work environment (FSWE) and work–family conflict (WFC) in the Portuguese Navy. Data were collected through the application of a questionnaire to 260 career Navy junior and senior officers. Results indicated that a positive relation existed between the FSWE and WFC, being so that more FSWE related to more WFC. When bringing leader’s support to the subject, the only relation found was between leader support and WFC in which less leader support related to more WFC. The results didn’t back up the hypothesis that leader support had a positive moderating impact on the relationship between an FSWE and WFC. Given this, the results are discussed considering the theory on WFC and possible implications for future research and practice are presented for the Portuguese Navy.
References
|
Allen, T. D. (2001). Family-supportive work environments: The role of organization perceptions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 58, 414–435. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2000.1774 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Allen, T. D., Cho, E., Meier, L. L. (2014).Work-family boundary dynamics. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 99–121. doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091330 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Andres, M., Moelker, R., Soeters, J. (2012). The work-family conflict interface and turnover intentions over the course of project-oriented assignments abroad. International Journal of Project Management, 30, 752–759. doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2012.01.006 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Ashforth, B. E., Kreiner, G. E., Fugate, M. (2000). All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. The Academy of Management Review, 25(3): 472–491. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 6, 199–218. doi:10.1016/1048-9843(95)90035-7 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Baron, R. M., Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychology research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Beauregard, T. A., Henry, L. C. (2009). Making the link between work-life balance practices and organizational performance. Human Resource Management Review, 19, 9–22. doi:10.1016/j.hrmr.2008.09.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Beham, B. (2011). Work-family conflict and organizational citizenship behavior: Empirical evidence form Spanish employees. Community, Work & Family, 14, 63–80. doi:10.1018/13668803.2010.506034 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 238–246. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Blanch, A., Aluja, A. (2009). Work, family and personality: A study of work-family conflict. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 520–524. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.12.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Bourg, C., Segal, M. W. (1999). The impact of family supportive policies and practices on organizational commitment to the army. Armed Forces & Society, 25, 633–652. doi:10.1177/0095327x9902500406 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Bridger, R. S., Brasher, K., Dew, A., Kilminster, S. (2011). Job stressors in naval personnel serving on ships and in personnel serving ashore over a twelve month period. Applied Ergonomics, 42, 710–718. doi:10.1016/j.apergo.2010.11.005 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | |
|
Britt, T. W., Craig, R. D. (2005). Predicting work-family conflict from workload, job attitudes, group attitudes and health. Military Psychology, 17, 203–227. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1703_5 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Burrell, L. M., Adams, G. A., Durand, D. B., Castro, C. A. (2006). The impact of military lifestyle demands on well-being, army, and family outcomes. Armed Forces & Society, 33, 43–58. doi:10.1177/0002764206288804 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Carlson, D. S., Kacmar, K. M., Williams, L. J. (2000). Construction and initial validation of a multidimensional measure of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56, 249–276. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1999.1713 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Carrilho, L. (2007). Generais E Almirantes De Amanhã. As Forças Armadas No Feminino. Porto, Portugal: Edições Afrontamento. Google Scholar | |
|
Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J. (2016). Perceived high-performance work systems and subjective well-being: Work-family balance and well-being at work as mediators. Journal of Career Development, 43, 116–129. doi:10.1177/089484531558313 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Carvalho, V. S., Chambel, M. J. (2017). Work-family conflict and enrichment mediates the relationship between job characteristics and well-being at work with Portuguese Marine Corps. Armed Forces & Society, 20, 1–21. doi:10.1177/0095327x17698121 Google Scholar | |
|
Casper, W. J., Eby, L. T., Bordeaux, C., Lockwood, A., Lambert, D. (2007). A review of research in IO/OB work-family research. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 28–43. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.28 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Chambel, M. J., Castanheira, F., Oliveira-Cruz, A., Lopes, S. (2015). Work context support and Portuguese soldiers’ well-being. The mediating role of autonomous motivation. Military Psychology, 27, 297–310. doi:10.1037/mi10000087 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Crompton, R., Lyonette, C. (2006). Work-life balance in Europe. Acta Sociologica, 49, 379–393. doi:10.1177/0001699306071680 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Cunha, M., Rego, A., Cunha, R., Cabral-Cardoso, C. (2007). Manual de Comportamento Organizacional e Gestão. Lisboa, Portugal: Editora RH. Google Scholar | |
|
Demerouti, E., Peeters, M. C. W., van der Heijden, B. I. J. M. (2012). Work-family interface from a life and career stage perspective: The role of demands and resource. International Journal of Psychology, 47, 241–258. doi:10.1080/00207594.2012.699055 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
den Dulk, L., Peters, P., Poutsma, E. (2012). Variations in adoption of workplace work-family arrangements in Europe: The influence of welfare-state regime and organizational characteristics. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23, 2785–2808. doi:10.1080/09585192.2012.676925 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
DiRenzo, M. S., Greenhaus, J. H., Weer, C. H. (2011). Job level, demands, and resources as antecedents of work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 78, 305–314. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2010.10.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Edlund, J. (2007). The work-family time squeeze: Conflicting demands of paid and unpaid work among working couples in 29 countries. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 48, 451–480. doi:10.1177/0020715207083338 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | |
|
Eisenberger, R., Huntigton, R., Hutchinson, S., Dowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 500–507. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Eisenberger, R., Stinglhamber, F., Vandenberghe, C., Sucharski, I. L., Rhoades, L. (2002). Perceived supervisor support: Contributions to perceived organizational support and employee retention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 565–573. doi:10.1034/0021-9010.87.3.565 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fairchild, A. J., MacKinnon, D. P. (2009). A general model for testing mediation and moderation effects. Prevention Science, 10, 87–99. doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0109-6 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Fiksenbaum, L. M. (2014). Supportive work-family environments: Implications for work-family conflict and well-being. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 653–672. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.796314 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Frye, N. K., Breaugh, J. A. (2004). Family-friendly policies, supervisor support, work-family conflict, family-work conflict, and satisfaction: A test of a conceptual model. Journal of Business and Psychology, 19, 197–220. doi:10.1007/s10869-004-0548-4 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Gillet, N., Fouquereau, E., Forest, J., Brunault, P., Colombat, P. (2012). The impact of organizational factors on psychological needs and their relations with well-being. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27, 437–450. doi:10.1007/s10869-011-9253-2 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Greenhaus, J. H., Beutell, N. J. (1985). Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Academy of Management Review, 10, 76–88. doi:10.5465/AMR.1985.4277352 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Greenhaus, J. H., Powell, G.N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.19379625 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Greenhaus, J. H., Ziegert, J. C., Allen, T. D. (2012). When family-supportive supervision matters: Relations between multiple sources of support and work-family balance. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 266–275. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.10.008 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hammer, L. B., Kossek, E. E., Zimmerman, K., Daniels, R. (2007). Clarifying the construct of family supportive supervisory behaviours (FSSB): A multilevel perspective. In Perrewé, P. L., Ganster, D. C. (Eds.), Exploring the work and non-work interface (Research in occupational stress and well-being, Vol. 6) (pp. 165–204). Bingley: Emerald Group. Google Scholar | |
|
Kahn, R. L., Wolfe, D. M., Quinn, R., Snoek, J. D., Rosenthal, R. A. (1964). Organizational stress. New York, NY: Wiley. Google Scholar | |
|
Kelly, E. L., Moen, P., Oakes, J. M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K. D.…Casper, L. M. (2014). Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family and health network. American Sociological Review, 79, 485–516. doi:10.1177/0003122414531435 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Kossek, E. E., Barber, A. E., Winters, D. (1999). Using flexible schedules in the managerial world: The power of peers. Human Resource Management Journal, 38, 33–46. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Kossek, E. E., Pichler, S., Bodner, T., Hammer, L. B. (2011). Workplace social support and work-family conflict: A meta-analysis clarifying the influence of general and work-family-specific supervisor and organizational support. Personnel Psychology, 64, 289–313. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01211.x Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Lapierre, L. M., Spector, P. E., Allen, T. D., Poelmans, S., Cooper, C. L., O’Driscoll, M. P.…Kinnunen, U. (2008). Family-supportive organization perceptions, multiple dimensions of work-family conflict, and employee satisfaction: A test of model across five samples. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 73, 92–106. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.02.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Lester, P., Leskin, G., Woodward, K., Saltzman, W., Nash, W., Mogil, C.…Beardslee, W. (2011). Wartime deployment and military children: Applying prevention science to enhance family resilience. In Wadsworth, S. M., Riggs, D. (Eds.), Risk and resilience in U.S. military families (pp. 149–173). New York, NY: Springer. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Liao, P.-Y. (2011). Linking work-family conflict to job attitudes: The mediating role of social exchange relationships. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 22, 2965–2980. doi:10.1080/09585192.2011.606117 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Limbert, C . (2014). Psychological well-being and job satisfaction amongst military personnel on unaccompanied tours: The impact of perceived social support and coping strategies. Military Psychology, 16, 37–51. doi:10.1207/s15327876mp1601_3 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Mauno, S., Kinnunen, U., Feldt, T. (2012). Work-family culture and job satisfaction: Does gender and parenting status alter the relationship? Community, Work & Family, 15, 101–129. doi:10.1080/13668803.2011.598733 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
McNamara, T. K., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Matz-Costa, C., Brown, M., Valcour, M. (2013). Across the continuum of satisfaction with work-family balance: Work hours, flexibility-fit, and work-family culture. Social Science Research, 42, 283–298. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.10.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Mesmer-Magnus, J. R., Viswesvaran, C. (2006). How family-friendly work environments affect work/family conflict: A meta-analytic examination. Journal of Labor Research, 27, 555–574. doi:10.1007/s12122-006-1020 -1 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Michel, J. S., Mitchelson, J. K., Kotrba, L. M., LeBreton, J. M., Baltes, B. B. (2009). A comparative test of work-family conflict models and critical examination of work-family linkages. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74, 199–218. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.12.005 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Mills, M. J., Matthews, R. A., Henning, J. B., Woo, V. A. (2014). Family-supportive organizations and supervisors: How they influence employee outcomes and for whom? The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25, 1763–1785. doi:10.1080/09585192.2013.860387 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Netemeyer, R. G., Boles, J. S., McMurrian, R. (1996). Development and validation of work-family conflict and family-work conflict scales. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 400–410. doi:10.1034/0021-9010.81.4.400 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nielson, T. T., Carlson, D. S., Lankau, M. J. (2001). The supportive mentor as a means of reducing work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 59, 364–381. doi:10.1006/jvbe.2001.1806 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Nohe, C., Meier, L. L., Sonntag, K., Michel, A. (2015).The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work-family conflict and strain. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100, 522–536. doi:10.1037/a0038012 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Nomaguchi, K. M. (2009). Change in work-family conflict among employed parents between 1977 and 1997. Journal of Marriage and Family, 71, 15–32. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2008.00577.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Pestana, M. H., Gageiro, J. N. (2008). Análise de Dados para Ciências Sociais [Data analysis for social sciences]. A Complementaridade do SPSS [The complementarity of SPSS]. Lisboa, Portugal: Edições Sílabo. Google Scholar | |
|
Ribeiro, M. T., Pimenta, S. (2014). Work-family: A matter of balance? In Chambel, M. J., Ribeiro, M. T. R. (Coords.), The relationship between work and a family: From conflict to enrichment (pp. 12–40). Lisboa, Portugal: Editora RH. Google Scholar | |
|
Rothausen, T. J. (1999). “Family” in organizational research: A review and comparison of definitions and measures. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 817–836. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1379(199911)20:6<817:: AID-JOB953>3.0 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Rothbard, N. P. (2001). Enriching or depleting? The dynamics of engagement in work and family roles. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46, 655–684. doi:10.2307/3094827 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sachau, D. A., Gertz, J., Matsch, M., Palmer, A. J., Englert, D. (2012). Work-life conflict and organizational support in a military law enforcement agency. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 27, 63–72. doi:10.1007/s11896-011-9095-x Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Santos, J. L. (2012). Forças Armadas Em Portugal [Armed Forces in Portugal]. Lisboa, Portugal: Fundação Francisco Manuel Dos Santos/Relógio D’Água Editores. Google Scholar | |
|
Scandura, T. A., Viator, R. E. (1994). Mentoring in public accounting firms: An analysis of mentoring-protégé relationships, mentorship functions and protégé turnover intentions. Accounting, Organizations and Society, 19, 717–734. doi:10.1016/0361-3682(94)90031-0 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Segal, M. W. (1986). The military and the family as greedy institutions. Armed Forces & Society, 13, 9–38. doi:10.1177/0095327x8601300101 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Shinn, M., Wong, N. W., Simko, P. A., Ortiz-Torres, B. (1989). Promoting the well-being of working parents: Coping, social support and flexible job schedules. American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 31–55. doi:10.1007/BF00931201 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 173–180. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Stier, H., Lewin-Epstein, N., Braun, M. (2012). Work-family conflict in comparative perspective: The role of social policies. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 30, 265–279. doi:10.1016/j.rssm.2012.02.001 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thomas, J. L., Bliese, P. D., Jex, S. M. (2005). Interpersonal conflict and organizational commitment: Examining two levels of supervisory support as multilevel moderators. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 2375–2398. doi:10.1111/j.1559-18163.2005.tb02107.x Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thomas, L. T., Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 6–15. doi:10.10347/0021-9010.80.1.6 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thompson, C. A., Beauvais, L. L., Lyness, K. S. (1999). When work-family benefits are not enough: The influence of work-family culture on benefit utilization, organizational attachment, and work-family conflict. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54, 392–415. doi:10.1006/jvbe.1998.1681 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Thompson, C. A., Prottas, D. J. (2005). Relationships among organizational family support, job autonomy, perceived control, and employee well-being. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10, 100–118. Google Scholar | |
|
Valcour, M., Ollier-Malaterre, A., Matz-Costa, C., Pitt-Catsouphes, M., Brown, M. (2011). Influences on employee perceptions of organizational work-life support: Signals and resources. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 588–595. doi:10.1016/j-jvb.2011.02.002 Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
van der Lippe, T., Jager, A., Kops, Y. (2006). Combination pressure: The paid work-family balance of men and women in European countries. Acta Sociologica, 49, 303–319. doi:10.1177/0001699306067711 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Wadsworth, S. M., Southwell, K. (2011). Military families: Extreme work and extreme “work-family.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 63, 163–183. doi:10.1177/0002716211416445 Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Westring, A. F., Ryan, A. M. (2011). Anticipated work-family conflict: A construct investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 79, 596–610. doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2011.02.004 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Whisman, M. A., McClelland, G. H. (2005). Designing, testing, and interpreting interactions and moderator effects in family research. Journal of Family Psychology, 19, 111–120. doi:10.1037/0893-3200.19.1.111 Google Scholar | Crossref | Medline | ISI | |
|
Wright, K. M., Foran, H. M., Wood, M. D. (2014). Community needs among service members after return from combat deployment. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 127–142. doi:10.1002/jcop.21598 Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI |

