Abstract
This article contextualizes the dark sides of play from a cultural-historical perspective using Fraser’s theory of social justice based on the concepts of recognition and redistribution. Through a micro-ethnographic analysis of a kindergarten’s daily life and play situations between 2 five-year-old girls, the article describes the dark play from a societal perspective (increasing economic and, thereby, digital inequalities), institutional perspective (the Norwegian kindergarten’s pedagogy of recognition) and individual perspective (the children’s motives to redistribute (digital) goods). The girls described in the article represent radically different backgrounds, but they attend the same kindergarten located in a disadvantaged neighbourhood in a large city in Norway. Insight into their play and their kindergarten’s daily routines provides knowledge about institutional recognition practices that maintain existing inequalities, as well as the children’s motives, which are anchored in the modus of redistribution. The misrecognized redistribution motives lead to activities of compensation and revenge performed in play situations.
|
Aasen, W (2012) Teamledelse i barnehagen. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Andreassen, K (2016) Små barn mobber også. Available at: http://www.klikk.no/foreldre/mobbing-i-barnehagen-1504949.ece (accessed 3 March 2017). Google Scholar | |
|
Bae, B (2005) Å se barn som subjekt. In: Søbstad, F (ed.) Klar ferdig, gå: Tyngre satsning på de små. Rapport fra arbeidsgruppe om kvalitet i barnehagesektoren. Oslo: Barne-og-familie Departamentet, pp. 94–109. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/kilde/bfd/prm/2005/0028/ddd/pdfv/241896-sluttrapport-mars05.pdf (accessed 3 October 2016). Google Scholar | |
|
Bae, B (2006) Perspektiver på barns medvirkning i barnehage. In: Djupedal, Ø (ed.) Temahefte om barns medvirkning. Oslo: Akademisk Forlag, pp. 6–27. Google Scholar | |
|
Bae, B (2010) Realizing children’s right to participation in early childhood settings: Some critical issues in a Norwegian context. Early Years 30(3): 205–218. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Barne-og Familiedepartamentet (2008) Mobbing i barnehagen: Et heftet for deg som jobber i barnehagen. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/kilde/bfd/bro/2004/0006/ddd/pdfv/210592-mobbing_skjerm_bokm.pdf (accessed 3 March 2017). Google Scholar | |
|
Bruce, T (1991) Time to Play in Early Childhood Education. London: Hodder and Stoughton. Google Scholar | |
|
Elkonin, DB (1978) PsikilogiyaIgry. Moscow: Pedagogika. Google Scholar | |
|
Fleer, M (2009) A cultural-historical perspective on play: Play as a leading activity across cultures. In: Pramling Samuelsson, I, Fleer, M (eds) Play and Learning in Early Childhood Settings: International Perspectives. Netherlands: Springer, pp. 1–17. Google Scholar | |
|
Fleer, M (2010) Early Learning and Development: Cultural-Historical Concepts in Play. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fleer, M, Hedegaard, M (2010) Children’s development as participation in everyday practices across different institutions. Mind, Culture, and Activity 17(2): 149–168. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Fraser, N (2000) Rethinking recognition. New Left Review 3: 107–120. Google Scholar | |
|
Fraser, N (2003) Social justice in an age of identity politics: Redistribution, recognition and participation. In: Fraser, N, Honneth, A (eds) Redistribution or Recognition? A Political Philosophical Exchange. London, New York: Verso, pp. 7–109. Google Scholar | |
|
Fraser, N, Honneth, A (2003) Introduction: Redistribution or recognition? A Political Philosophical Exchange. In: Fraser, N, Honneth, A (eds) Redistribution or Recognition? London: Verso, pp. 1. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Garret, PM (2010) Recognizing the limitations of the political theory of recognition: Axel Honneth, Nancy Fraser and social work. British Journal of Social Work 40(5): 1517–1533. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Giæver, K (2014) Inkluderende språkfelleskap i barnehagen. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Gjervan, M, Andresen, CE, Bleka, M (2006) Se mangfold! Perspektiver på flerkulturelt arbeid i barnehagen. Oslo: Cappelen Akademisk Forlag. Google Scholar | |
|
Grieshaber, SJ, Miller, MG (2010) Migrant and refugee children, their families and early childhood education. In: Saracho, O, Spodeked, B (eds) Contemporary Perspectives on Language and Cultural Diversity in Early Childhood Education. Charlotte, NC: Information Age, pp. 167–190. Google Scholar | |
|
Grindheim, LT (2014) Kvardagslivettilbarneborgarar: Ein studieavbarna si deltaking i trenorskebarnehagar. PhD Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim. Google Scholar | |
|
Guðmundsdóttir, GB, Hardersen, B (2012) The digital universe of young children. Nordic Journal of Digital Literacy 3(7): 221–226. Google Scholar | |
|
Hansen, CK (2017) Innvandrefår ‘barnehageskjokk’ i Norge. Bergens Tidende, 12 February. Available at: http://www.bt.no/nyheter/lokalt/Forsker-Innvandrere-far-barnehagesjokk-i-Norge-330061b.html?spid_rel=2 (accessed 15 February 2017). Google Scholar | |
|
Hedegaard, M (1999) Institutional practice, cultural positions, and personal motives: Immigrant Turkish parents’ conception about their children’s school life. In: Chaiklin, S, Hedegaard, M, Jensen, UJ (eds) Activity Theory and Social Practice. Aarhus: Aarhus University Press, pp. 276–301. Google Scholar | |
|
Hedegaard, M (2009) Children’s development from a cultural-historical approach: Children’s activity in everyday local settings as foundation for their development. Mind, Culture, and Activity 16(1): 64–82. Google Scholar | Crossref | ISI | |
|
Hutt, SJ, Tyler, S, Hutt, C. (1989) Play, Exploration and Learning: A Natural History of the Preschool. New York: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
|
Jarness, V (2014) Symbolske skillelinjer. In: Krosnes, O, Handsen, MN, Hjellebkrekke, J (eds) Elite og klasse i et egalitært samfunn. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 229–248. Google Scholar | |
|
Kravtsova, EE (2006) The concept of age-specific new psychological formations in contemporary developmental psychology. Journal of Russian and East European Psychology 44(6): 6–18. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Kristoffersen, AE (1996) Barnas rolle i personalets planleggings- og vurderingsarbeid. Trondheim: DMMHs publikasjonsserie nr. 3. Google Scholar | |
|
Krosnes, O, Hansen, MN, Hjellbrekke, J (2014) Klasser og eliter. In: Krosnes, O, Hansen, MN, Hjellbrekke, J (eds) Elite og klasse i et egalitært samfunn. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, pp. 25–38. Google Scholar | |
|
Krumsvik, R (2008) From digital divides to digital inequality: The emerging digital inequality in the Norwegian Unitarian school. US–China Education Review 5(9): 1–17. Google Scholar | |
|
Kunnskapsdepartamentet (2005) Act No. 64 of June 2005 Relating to Kindergartens (the Kindergarten Act). Oslo: Kunnskapsdepartamentet. Google Scholar | |
|
Kunnskapsdepartementet (2006) Temaheftet om språklig og kulturelt mangfold. Ed. Gjernvan, M . Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/upload/kilde/kd/red/2006/0107/ddd/pdfv/290160-temahefte_om_spraklig_og_kulturelt_mangfold.pdf (accessed 12 April 2016). Google Scholar | |
|
Kunnskapsdepartamentet (2008–2009) St. melding 41: Kvalitet i barnehagen. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/dokumenter/stmeld-nr-41-2008-2009-/id563868/sec1 (accessed 13 April 2016). Google Scholar | |
|
Kunnskapsdepartamentet (2011) Rammeplan for barnehagens innhold og oppgaver. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Lund, I, Godtfredsen, M, Helgeland, A. (2015) Hele barnet, hele løpet: Mobbing i barnehagen. Available at: http://www.forebygging.no/Global/mobbing%20i%20barnehagen%20rapport.pdf Google Scholar | |
|
North, S, Snyder, I, Bulfin, S (2008) Digital tastes: Social class and young people’s technology use. Information, Communication and Society 11(7): 895–911. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Palsdottir, H (2010) Relasjoner med barn. Oslo: Relasjonssenteret. Google Scholar | |
|
Pramling, Samuelsson I, Fleer, M (eds) (2009) Play and Learning in Early Childhood Settings: International Perspectives. Netherlands: Springer, p. 196. Google Scholar | |
|
Regjeringen (2016) Ny tiltak mot mobbing. Presse release, no. 38-16, 18 April. Available at: https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/nye-tiltak-mot-mobbing/id2484384/ (accessed 4 March 2017). Google Scholar | |
|
Sadownik, A (2017) Kindergartens as agencies of trust in multicultural societies? Analysis of trust development between Polish migrant parents and Norwegian kindergarten teachers. In: Developing teacher competence for the future: Dialogues on knowledge about family, children and staff in kindergarten teacher education, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 7 February 2017. Google Scholar | |
|
Samuelsson, I, Schousboe, I (1993) Den onde leg: En udvidet synsvinkel på legen og dens funktioner. Nordisk Psykologi 45(2): 97–119. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schousboe, I (2013) The structure of fantasy play and its implications for good and evil games. In: Schousboe, I, Winther-Lindqvist, D (eds) Children’s Play and Development: Cultural-Historical Perspectives. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 13–27. Google Scholar | Crossref | |
|
Schultz Jørgensen, P (2000) Børn er deltagere: I deres eget liv. In: Schultz Jørgensen, P, Kampmann, J (eds) Børn som informanter. Copenhagen: Børnerådet, pp. 9–21. Google Scholar | |
|
Skarpenes, O, Sakslind, R (2010) Education and egalitarianism: The culture of the Norwegian middle class. Sociological Review 58(2): 219–243. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI | |
|
Sutton-Smith, B (2008) Play theory: A personal journey and new thoughts. American Journal of Play 1(1): 80–123. Google Scholar | |
|
Tapscott, D (1998) Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. New York: McGraw-Hill. Google Scholar | |
|
United Nations (1989) Convention on the Rights of the Child. Available at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/professionalinterest/pages/crc.aspx (accessed 1 November 2016). Google Scholar | |
|
United Nations (2015) Human development report 2015: Work for human development. Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf (accessed 29 October 2015). Google Scholar | |
|
Vestel, VJ (2009) The process of hybridization: Cognition, emotion and experience among multicultural youngsters in ‘Rudenga’, east side Oslo. In: Alghasi, S, Eriksen, TH, Ghorashi, H (eds) Paradoxes of Cultural Recognition: Perspectives from Northern Europe. London: Ashgate, pp. 181–199. Google Scholar | |
|
Vygotsky, L (1966) Play and its role in the mental development of the child. Vorprosypsikhologii 12(6): 62–76. Google Scholar | |
|
Vygotsky, L (1998) Child psychology. In: The Collected Works of LS Vygotsky, vol. 5. New York: Kluwer Academic and Plenum, pp. 3–296. Google Scholar | |
|
Winther-Lindqvist, D (2014) Den socialefantasilegs forandrende potentialer-symbolske og reale identiteter i børnehaven. In: Rasmussen, TH (ed.) Påsporetterlek. Bergen: Fagbokforlaget, pp. 85–102. Google Scholar | |
|
Witoszek, N (2011) The Origins of the ‘Regime of Goodness’: Remapping the Cultural History of Norway. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget. Google Scholar | |
|
Wolcott, HF (1990) Making a study ‘more ethnographic’. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 19(1): 44–72. Google Scholar | SAGE Journals | ISI |

