Hugh Trevor-Roper and the English Editions of Hitler's Table Talk and Testament

This article examines the publication of the famous ‘Hitler’s Table Talk’ and ‘The Testament of Adolf Hitler’ as well as the role of British historian Hugh Trevor-Roper in this process, including his relationship with the Swiss banker François Genoud – the owner of the ‘original' manuscripts. The article is based on research utilizing Trevor-Roper's personal correspondence and papers; material that has never before been used to investigate this matter. Besides shedding light on many previously unknown details concerning the publication of these documents, the article shows how Trevor-Roper consistently failed to enlighten his readers about central source-critical problems connected to the documents he was validating. He did so on numerous occasions and through several editions of the sources, even though his personal correspondence shows that he was well aware of the problems. The article argues that Trevor-Roper chose not to reveal these problems in public so as not to upset his business relationship with Genoud so that he would gain access to further documents in Genoud's possession.

utterances during the Second World War, namely Hitler's Table Talk (henceforth:  Table Talk), published for the first time in 1953 (second edition in 1973), and The Testament of Adolf Hitler (henceforth: The Testament) in 1961. 1 Many historians have used the Table Talk when writing about Hitler and the Second World War, and it has been accepted as genuine even though the translation into English is known to be flawed. Nevertheless, the authenticity of the original manuscripts (both currently missing, but there are two German versions in print based on them) has never been established conclusively, and many doubts still remain both about their claims to reliability and about how well they convey Hitler's words.
The motive for investigating the events surrounding the publication of the first English edition of Table Talk published in 1953, and the second edition published in 1973, is two-fold: 1) the English translation made the Table Talk known to a broad international audience, and 2) by writing the introduction to this version Trevor-Roper effectively validated this source in the eyes of historians. The latter fact is most likely the explanation for why no thorough examination of this source has ever been made. In his introduction to Table Talk in 1953 Trevor-Roper stated that it had been translated from the original German manuscript. 2 As we shall see in this article, this was not true. While part of it probably was translated from a German text, although most certainly not the original manuscript, this article can now prove that a large part was in fact translated from a French edition published the year before. Hence, there are several reasons why a critical examination of this important historical document is needed.
The Testament, on the other hand, is more controversial and, while historians previously accepted it as genuine, newer scholarship has seriously questioned its authenticity. 3 This text was purportedly a continuation of the first set of notes, supposedly taken down in Hitler's bunker in Berlin during the last months of the war. Both the Table Talk and The Testament derived from manuscripts in the hands of a Swiss Nazi sympathizer, banker and financer of international terrorism called Franc¸ois Genoud. 4 Trevor-Roper was involved in the publication of both 1 Hitler's Table Talk [1941][1942][1943][1944]. With an Introductory Essay on The Mind of Adolf Hitler by H.R. Trevor-Roper (London 1953). This text has gone through several editions and translations over the years: Hitler's Table Talk Stevens (London 1961). Note that I have deliberately refrained from listing Adolf Hitler as the author of these titles, as is commonly done, simply because it is not clear who the real author of the words printed in these books is. We simply do not know how much of it is Hitler's words as they were spoken, and how much is a product of the later recollection and editing process. 2 Note that this article should not be viewed as an invalidation or critique of Trevor-Roper's introductory essay, which remains an important piece of scholarship, although hampered by a lack of critical distance to the Table Talk  the English version of 1961 and the German edition of 1981, 5 contributing an introduction to both editions. Even though The Testament is no longer considered to be authentic by leading scholars (or at least there is a general feeling that it should not be used due to doubts about its authenticity) the process leading up to its publication is relevant to this discussion because of the many parallels with the publication of Table Talk. This article aims to answer the following two questions: What did the process leading up to the publication of the Table Talk and The Testament look like, and what was Trevor-Roper's role in this process? Table Talk was a series of rambling monologues that Hitler supposedly delivered during meals and over nightly tea, so-called Teestunden, in various military headquarters during the Second World War. They were written down chiefly by two of Reichsleiter Martin Bormann's assistants, Heinrich Heim and Henry Picker, between the summer of 1941 and the winter of 1944. In addition to Heim and Picker, there are two more known authors, namely Bormann himself, who contributed at least four entries, and a man known only as Mu¨ller. As mentioned earlier, several versions of these monologues exist in print. Henry Picker was the first to publish a book called Tischgespra¨che im Fu¨hrerhauptquartier 1941-1942 (henceforth Tischgespra¨che) based on his own notes and some of Heim's notes to which he had gained access. This book was thematically arranged by its editor, the German historian Gerhard Ritter, and published in cooperation with the Institut fu¨r Zeitgeschichte (IfZ) in Munich in 1951. 6 A second edition with the same title was published in 1963, this time chronologically arranged and edited by German historian Percy Ernst Schramm. 7 One year after Picker had published his first edition, Genoud published a French version of the table monologues (the first volume of two, the second volume was published in 1954). This French version, entitled Libres propos sur la guerre et la paix (henceforth Libres propos), was not based on the same German original as Picker's edition, but on a second manuscript that had purportedly been acquired by Genoud, the so-called Bormann-Vermerke. The form, content and provenance of the Bormann-Vermerke remain obscure, but it apparently consisted not only of all of Heim's notes but also some of Picker's. The first volume of Libres propos, however, omitted Picker's notes. It broke off in March 1942 just before Picker took over from Heim when the latter was sent away for a few months. 8 Genoud was also the driving force behind the translation of his French version into English the following year, which was, however, expanded to cover the whole period from 1941 to the end of 1944, and to include all of Heim's and Picker's notes said to have been in Genoud's possession. 9 The German text, which the French and English editions are said to be based upon, was, for reasons that are unclear, not published until 1980. It was given the title Monologe im Fu¨hrerhauptquartier (henceforth Monologe) and was published under the auspices of German historian Werner Jochmann. This edition does not contain Picker's notes either due to a struggle over intellectual property rights. 10 It does not help that both Heim's and Picker's original manuscripts seem to have been lost. The closest we get to the original Heim notes are approximately 40 pages, dated January 1942, that were initially stored at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. (since returned to the Bundesarchiv in Koblenz, Germany). 11 However, nobody knows if these are authentic or not, even if the evidence so far indicates that they are.
Historian Richard C. Carrier is the only scholar to date to have critically compared these texts and published the results. He has shown that the translations into English and French are highly questionable, at least if one starts from the assumption that they were translations from a text identical to Monologe. He has also demonstrated that the English translation was at least partly based on Genoud's French edition (he only had access to the first volume of Libres propos) and that both the English and French editions contain additions to, and mistranslations of, the German texts that they are supposedly based on. 12 This article will also, inevitably, address certain questions related to the authenticity of the Bormann-Vermerke, as well as the accuracy of the translations, since these issues are intrinsically tied to (and are certainly raised by) the main topic of the article. However, this subject deserves an article of its own in order to do it full justice.
Trevor-Roper first learned about the existence of Picker's Tischgespra¨che in 1951, and he read it with great interest. 13 But instead of contacting Picker, historian Gehard Ritter, or the IfZ, he started a cordial correspondence with Genoud as early as the winter of 1951-2. 14 Apparently, Trevor-Roper was the one who contacted Genoud regarding the possibility of publishing an English edition. 15 the table monologues. By this time, Picker had sued Genoud, his publisher  Flammarion, and France Soir for breach of copyright, and Trevor-Roper, who knew about the suit, expected it to be very interesting. Initially, however, Trevor-Roper seems to have been a bit sceptical about Genoud's claims, stating in a letter that 'I suspect -though it is mere surmise -that Genoud's title is really bad & that he is trying to off-load the documents before the trial exposes him!' 17 But Trevor-Roper seems to have dropped these suspicions rather quickly, despite the fact that at their meeting in Lausanne Genoud was very reticent about how he had acquired the manuscript. Genoud was certain he would win the copyright case and claimed that Picker had falsified the notes. Trevor-Roper wrote that Genoud 'showed me numerous incidents in which Picker had altered the sense of the documents compiled by Heim'. 18 These were only typed comparisons between entries in German written by Genoud, 19 however, and since Trevor-Roper was not shown the original manuscript it could not be considered solid evidence that Genoud was telling the truth. Genoud was already negotiating with several publishers for an English edition but had made no commitment to any of their offers. 20 In order for Genoud to sell his documents as genuine transcripts of Hitler's table monologues, he needed, or felt he needed, to get a renowned scholar to authenticate his text for him. In September of 1952 Genoud wrote to Trevor-Roper saying that he would consider Trevor-Roper's validation of his documents as a tremendous help in the French court case. Genoud wrote: Seul devrait compter a`mon avis la valeur historique des documents en cause. Sur ce plan-la`, il me paraıˆtrait capital que votre te´moignage puˆt eˆtre produit. Vous eˆtes en effet le spe´cialiste unanimement reconnu comme le plus qualifie´en cette matie`re, et je suis suˆr qu'un avis objectif de votre part aurait un poids immense. 21 Genoud then wished to know if he could refer to Trevor-Roper if necessary both in the French and German lawsuits. By this time Trevor-Roper had already started to look into the possibility of publication in English, and Genoud thanked Trevor-Roper warmly for this effort. 22 In response to Genoud's plea, Trevor-Roper agreed to testify on behalf of Genoud if needed. 23 After having met Genoud, (henceforth: CCLO; HTRP;VSD) 6/6/1. It is obvious from the notes that Trevor-Roper did not get to see the manuscript at this meeting. 17 R. Davenport-Hines (ed.), Letters from Oxford. . ., 93-4. 18 Notes by Trevor-Roper from the meeting 'Fra. Genoud vs. Heinrich Picker'; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1, 1-5. 19 See typed pages by Genoud: CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1, 6. 20 Genoud to Trevor-Roper, 29 August, 1952; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1. 21 Genoud to Trevor-Roper, 19 September 1952; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1. [Translation: The only thing that should count is, in my opinion, the historical value of these documents that we are talking about. Accordingly, it seems to me to be essential that your testimony can be put forth. You are unanimously recognized as the most qualified specialist in this matter, and I am sure that your objective opinion would have immense weight.] 22 Ibid. 23 Genoud to Trevor-Roper, 3 October 1952; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1. Trevor-Roper returned to England and published an article about Genoud's manuscript in a major British newspaper, with the explicit purpose of arousing interest about this source among British publishers. 24 The article, essentially a report on the on-going lawsuits in Germany and France, was published on 12 October 1952 in the Sunday Express. 25 Trevor-Roper's efforts really paid off. The publisher George Weidenfeld wrote to Genoud just five days after the Sunday Express article appeared and offered him a deal for an English translation. Several days later Genoud wrote to thank Trevor-Roper for his important role in arranging this deal, saying that the article in the Sunday Express had validated his manuscript in the eyes of the Englishspeaking audience; 'Graˆce a`vous, ces documents sont mis en valeur devant le public anglais.' 26 Neither Weidenfeld nor Trevor-Roper had yet seen the product they were buying and authenticating. Genoud quickly accepted Weidenfeld's offer and agreed to meet him and Trevor-Roper in Paris at their convenience to hammer out the details. 27 It is still highly uncertain if, or at what point, Trevor-Roper got to see the Bormann-Vermerke and, if he did, how much of it he was allowed to look at. He certainly had no opportunity to undertake a proper investigation of the manuscript or to compare it with the various versions already in print.
On top of that, Trevor-Roper knew full well that the translation was not made exclusively from a German 'original'. Weidenfeld wrote to him on 8 January 1953 stating that he had: had to use a second translator, Colonel Stevens . . . , whom I sent to Montreux, where he has been translating from the German direct under Genoud's supervision. The whole of next week will be used to iron out stylistic differences between the two translations [that is, the translation from the printed French and the translation from the German text], so that by the end of that week you would have the complete raw material. 28 This proves that Stevens did in fact translate a German text. The first translator, who translated from the French, must have been Norman Cameron who is listed as  Table Talk. 28 Weidenfeld to Trevor-Roper, 8 January 1953; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1. Apparently though, Stevens was not as good a translator as they thought. Weidenfeld used him also for the translation of the Bormann letters only a little over half a year later but then felt obliged to correct his translations by using another translator. 'Mr. Weidenfeld considers the translation now to be reliable as Col. Stevens' version has been entirely revised by, I believe, Ilsa Barea', said a letter then from the publisher to Trevor-Roper. However, Trevor-Roper still thought there were mistranslations, something that worried the publisher quite a bit (Nicolas Thompson to Trevor-Roper, 9 October 1953; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 3/8/1, 1). one of the two translators in the English edition. Stevens was apparently used for the part that was translated from a German version. However, it is not clear what German text it was that Stevens translated, that is, whether it was the original or a typed copy. Considering how unwilling Genoud was to show the manuscript to professional historians it is hard to see why he would reveal it to a translator. Nor do we know what is meant by the statement that Genoud 'supervised' the translation. Anyway, Trevor-Roper received the last part of Stevens' translation on 28 January, 1953. 29 The fact that Genoud's French edition was to be the basis for the translation was no secret to Trevor-Roper at any stage of the translation process. It was clearly laid out in the contract concluded between Genoud and Weidenfeld in late 1952. In October 1952 Trevor-Roper received two copies of the contract, which included everything they had agreed upon. 30 The key paragraph stated: III. The translation into English will be made on the basis of the French version by Franc¸ois Genoud and it is agreed that the licensor will permit the translator appointed by the licensee to examine at any time in Switzerland the original German version insofar as this is required by the work of translation. 31 Trevor-Roper also acknowledged that he had received the contracts and stated that he would get back to Weidenfeld regarding his views on the text. 32 Unfortunately, however, these comments are nowhere to be found in his papers so it is not known what he thought about this part of the agreement, or if he ever questioned the motive behind it.
But we do know that he did not mention any of this to his readers. Trevor-Roper did not utter a single syllable about any of these facts in his preface to Table  Talk  We are now engaged in re-checking the first half of the translation, which as you know had to be made from the French, but was subsequently revised by the second translator, who worked from the original German. 34 We know that Weidenfeld's version is inaccurate because Carrier has proven (as does any other comparison of the English, French and Monologe) that the English text was not 'subsequently revised'. If it had been we would not be able to see that it was translated from the French. Did Trevor-Roper think that the text had been completely re-checked against the German original? Be that as it may, considering what article III in the contract said, Trevor-Roper still ought to have mentioned this when talking about the text and what it was based on. After all, he was validating a major historical document by putting his name on it and ought to have been more careful in checking its authenticity and the translation's correspondence to the original.
But there is a problem here that we need to resolve before moving on. Why would Weidenfeld tell Trevor-Roper that the translation had been checked if it really had not been? The obvious answer is of course that he would not. But how can Weidenfeld be telling the truth when the comparisons show that Table  Talk correspond to the French and not to the German version? The answer to this conundrum appears to be that the translation was not checked against Genoud's original manuscript but against a different German text, one that Genoud most likely had re-translated into German from his French version. In fact, Weidenfeld never said that the text had been checked against the Bormann-Vermerke, but only that it had been checked against 'the original German'. That could indeed refer to any text written in German. That is the only conceivable way that the text could have been translated from, and checked against, a German 'original' even though it agrees completely with Genoud's French edition. This also shows just how hoodwinked Weidenfeld and Trevor-Roper had been by Genoud.
One comparison of these three texts will have to suffice as evidence because of space constraints. The first quote is from Table Talk and I have marked the various parts so as to make the commonalities and differences clear (italics: from the French; bold: from the German; underlined: in both the French and German; standard: only in the English): It is perfectly true that the British swallow everything they are told. At the moment, nevertheless, there is a certain amount of murmuring over faked reports. To justify their bluff, those at the head of affairs are reduced to telling the discontented that these false reports are being spread in order to deceive the enemy. A large portion of intelligent Britons say: 'We are waging this war by bluff, and it's the only way we can wage it!' Whether they believe that they are really bluffing us, is a very different matter. 35 Libres propos gives us the following version: Il est vrai que le public anglais avale toutes les bourdes. En ce moment pourtant, il est visible que l'opinion britannique commence a`se montrer re´ticente. Pour justifier leur bluff, les dirigeants en sont re´duits a`expliquer a`ceux qui protestent qu'il font cela pour tromper l'adversaire. Il n'y a pas d'autre fac¸on, disent-ils, de conduire la guerre. Eh bien, nous pouvons les assurer qu'ils font erreur s'ils pensent nous intimider en agissant de la sorte! 36 In Monologe, finally, we find this: Gewiß, die Masse nimmt dort gla¨ubig hin, was ihr gesagt wird; aber man ho¨rt jetzt doch auch viele Stimmen des Unmuts u¨ber Falschberichtung. Die Fu¨hrung entschuldigt sich damit, in Ru¨cksicht auf uns mu¨sse man so schreiben. Ein großer Teil der intellektuellen Engla¨nder sagt: Wir fu¨hren Krieg mit Bluff! Sie bilden sich ein, daß sie uns damit einschu¨chtern ko¨nnen. 37 We see that the word 'bluff', the first time it appears, must stem from the French edition since the context of it also so obviously stems from Libres propos, but that the second time it appears it has to come from the German since the French does not repeat it. What is interesting here, besides the confusing mixture of passages, is that the last sentence in the example from Table Talk, while clearly related in some way to the one in Monologe, has taken on a completely different meaning. This, too, would be explained if we assume that the German text Stevens had access to contained a sentence like this, because it is very hard to imagine why Stevens would simply change it or misread it. The last sentence in the French is also clearly related to the German, but is phrased quite differently. Also worth noting is that the Italian edition follows the French perfectly, which proves that it is a pure translation of the two volumes of Libres propos. 38 As we shall see below, Genoud translated the text of Hitlers politisches Testament back into German from a previous French translation too, so it seems that we have detected a pattern here. That, together with the fact that Genoud made changes to the text when translating it into French, makes the explanation for the findings presented here all the more likely to be true.  Table Talk had been out of print for quite some time and Trevor-Roper decided to contact Weidenfeld in order to suggest that they should put out a second edition of the book, since, as he wrote, he would rather see a new version of this book than 'see an historical document superseded (if that is the right word) by a pro-nazi picture book'. 41 Weidenfeld was 'delighted' that Trevor-Roper had brought this issue up and thought that they could probably re-publish Trevor-Roper's preface as it stood, unless Trevor-Roper wanted to add something to the text. 42 Weidenfeld quickly arranged a meeting with Genoud in London to discuss the new project and the Swiss was just as delighted as the others about the idea. 43 Nonetheless, it was eventually decided that Trevor-Roper would write a new preface for the second edition, and the publisher also deleted a so-called 'note on the text' that had been included in the 1953 edition. Trevor-Roper delivered the new preface just before Christmas 1972. 44 In the new preface he compared the second edition of Tischgespra¨che with Table Talk and catalogued which entries they had in common. He also noted some minor textual differences between the versions. 45 To finish the preface off Trevor-Roper wrote that: One day -when the original German text of the Bormann Vermerke is available and other obstacles have been removed -it will be possible to present a complete record of Hitler's surviving Table-Talk He also provided some new information regarding Genoud's manuscript in this preface, but once again said nothing of it being translated from the French. How can we explain this second omission of this important fact? The most straightforward answer is perhaps that he had forgotten about it. It seems to have been around this time that Trevor-Roper realized, or perhaps re-discovered is a better word, that Stevens had translated  48 In fact, as we have seen, it probably was not Stevens who translated from the French (more likely it was Norman Cameron), but that is another matter. But Trevor-Roper had actually been reminded of this odd translation process by Genoud in 1958 when the two were preparing the publication of The Testament, which came out in 1961 and that had also first been published in French (in 1959). 49 The translation into English was to be made from the French, and Genoud noted that the circumstances were similar to those that had accompanied the translation of Table Talk into English -'Nous somme dans la meˆme situation que pour les Table Talk 51 On the very same day Trevor-Roper wrote to Baumgarten (18 March 1973), he wrote to editor Hilary Walford at Weidenfeld & Nicholson asking her to undertake some research in the company's archive to find out if Stevens had in fact translated from the German original or, as he now suspected, from the French. He stated in his letters that this issue 'may be of greater interest than it seems'. This was obviously true, but the remarkable fact is that in the next breath Trevor-Roper wrote: The answer to this question does not affect the authenticity of the Table Talk, or the reliability of Stevens' version, which is beyond question; but it might prove the key to a larger problem in which I am interested. 52 The problem that Trevor-Roper was referring to remains unknown. But his claim that he did not think that any of this affected the reliability of Table Talk is interesting, not least because we now know that it did definitely distort it in various places (at least compared to the German text published in Monologe). It is very likely that Trevor-Roper was lying here, and that he did in fact realize that this affected the authenticity, but that he simply decided to hide this from the publisher as they were just about to publish the second edition of contract, but the company had received a copy from Genoud when they had negotiated the terms for the new edition of Table Talk and she included a copy of this (as well as an English translation) in which the third paragraph cited above stated that the translation was to be made from the French. 54 Trevor-Roper thanked Walford for the copy of the contract, which 'answers my question' regarding the translation process. 55 Nonetheless, we find Trevor-Roper stating confidently also in the 1973 preface that the text was 'a translation of the Bormann-Vermerke. . .'. 56 In fact, he stated the same thing once more on the next page. 57 But of course we cannot possibly judge Trevor-Roper for not having included something if he had only gained knowledge of it after the second edition had been published, or at least was in the process of being published (it is uncertain exactly where in the production process the book was in March 1973). However, Trevor-Roper stated to Baumgarten that he had understood that the text was translated from the French while working on the second edition (that is, several months before). Trevor-Roper even said that it was due to a mistake that he had discovered this, which 'proved' to him that the text had been translated from the French. If Trevor-Roper was telling the truth to Baumgarten this must reasonably be referring to the autumn or early winter of 1972, i.e. before Trevor-Roper produced even the first draft of his preface. 58 The process of asking for the contract from Weidenfeld was simply a secondary stage of confirming this fact anew. Thus, even though Trevor-Roper understood that something was not right about the CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/2). This means that Trevor-Roper could only be referring to a point in time prior to that. In his archive are also documents that show that he undertook a quite detailed comparison between Picker's Tischgespra¨che and Table Talk, which indicates that he was working for some time on this between September 1972, when he first suggested to Wiedenfeld that a second edition should be published, and late December (see list of comparisons in: CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/2). corresponded with him for some time, and I am not sure of his present address. Is he still in Boulevard de la Foreˆt, Lausanne? As you probably know, Genoud's past is complicated and his activities interesting if obscure. 59 The whole episode is odd since Ja¨ckel had obtained nothing of the sort. This paragraph refers to the notes ostensibly taken down by Martin Bormann in the spring of 1945, published with an introduction by Trevor-Roper as The Testament of Adolf Hitler in 1961, and sometimes called the Bunkergespra¨che, or even Table  Talk II. By the end of the 1960s and the early 1970s several scholars were involved in trying to wrestle the German text of this document out of Genoud's hands and get his permission to publish it. Trevor-Roper was of course once again involved in this matter. From the outset, however, there were doubts as to the authenticity of this text, 60 and Trevor-Roper's handling of these problems is symptomatic of his attitude to Genoud's documents in general.
On 25 October 1971, Trevor-Roper dined with Genoud in Lausanne. At that time, Genoud asked Trevor-Roper if he would be willing to take part in a publication of the German text of The Testament. Trevor-Roper apparently answered in a general manner, knowing, he said, that Genoud's words were one thing and his actions another. Some months later, though, Genoud told Baumgarten that Trevor-Roper had agreed to publish the work together with Genoud and Baumgarten, and on 15 May 1972 the latter actually visited Trevor-Roper in Oxford regarding this matter. Baumgarten had his doubts about the whole affair because he had talked to Ja¨ckel, who had apparently persuaded the German Federal Government to 'waive the copyright over Hitler's literary estate' (it is unknown what is meant by this), and who, because of this, had agreed to Genoud's proposition to publish the German text. It looked to Trevor-Roper as if Genoud 'chose to forget this agreement with Ja¨ckel' when courting himself and Baumgarten on the same matter. 61 Trevor-Roper noted that Baumgarten doubted Genoud's story about how he had obtained the second text. Genoud said that he had got it through Walter Funk, Director of the National Bank in the Third Reich, who he said had destroyed the original; Baumgarten thought that the story told by Genoud and his friend Hans Rechenberg was 'a falsification designed (presumably) to enable them to publish the document without producing the original'. At this point Baumgarten nevertheless thought that the text was genuine. Trevor-Roper stated that Baumgarten thought Genoud in fact had the original and that he had obtained it at the same time as the Bormann-Vermerke, 'from Frau Bormann in Merano, by purchase, and that he cannot publish the 59 Trevor-Roper to Ja¨ckel, 26 May 1969; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1, 1-2. 60 Ian Kershaw states that the 'tone of the monologues is unmistakingly Hitler'. But he also notes that Hitler's many secretaries seem to have been unaware of these being taken down by anyone. At least one of them questioned their authenticity although she thought it might be a compilation of Hitler's thoughts. She even ruled out the possibility of Bormann having recorded Hitler's words precisely because of the fact that Hitler hated ad verbatim records of his off the cuff statements (I. Kershaw, Hitler. . ., 1024). 61 Undated typed memorandum by Trevor-Roper; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1. original, lest he be sued by Bormann's heirs for infraction of their copyright'. Trevor-Roper was not entirely convinced by this argument though. 62 But despite all these doubts Trevor-Roper unambiguously repeated the Funk story, basing it entirely on Genoud's own account, in his preface to Hitlers politisches Testament in 1981, as he had 20 years earlier in the English edition. 63 Ian Kershaw views this text with considerable scepticism. He writes in his Hitler biography: The main problem with the authenticity of the text is that no reliable and certifiable German version exists. It is impossible, therefore, to be certain. A great deal has to be taken on trust; and even then no safe mechanism for checking is available. . . . [The] English version contains a very loose and untrustworthy translation of the German text -itself not guaranteed to be identical with any long-lost original or the lost copy of that original -which was eventually published only in 1981 . . .. Further examination of the text in the meantime -though this was not mentioned by the German publishers -by Professor Eduard Baumgarten had established that the translation back into German from the French (carried out by a Dutchman) contained between the lines a second German text, written in the hand of Franc¸ois Genoud. The available German text is, therefore, at best a construct; neither the original nor the copy of that original exists. Baumgarten tended, since the content was consonant with Hitler's thinking and expression, to accept the authenticity of the text. There is, however, no proof and, therefore, no reliable German text whose authenticity can be placed beyond question. 64 Much the same could naturally be said today about Genoud's other manuscript, the Bormann-Vermerke, and thus about both Table Talk and Monologe. That too is lost in its original form, except for the few notes now deposited in the Bundesarchiv; the translation process was highly doubtful; the history of the manuscript from conception to publication is mysterious at best, and it is impossible to be sure that the majority of the entries are in fact authentic (that is, actual statements by Hitler as opposed to things he could have said). They certainly sound like Hitler, but so does The Testament, and internal evidence is often a very bad basis for proving authenticity. Trevor-Roper, Ja¨ckel and others would use precisely this reasoning when evaluating the forged Hitler diaries a decade later with devastating results, showing just how unreliable this method of authentication is.
In a letter to Baumgarten Trevor-Roper made some interesting comments about the manuscript. He listed three things that seemed to prove authenticity, namely: (1) Bormann's signature on each page, (2) Genoud's and Rechenberg's accounts of its origin, and (3) its own internal evidence. Trevor-Roper said: On these bases, I do not regard (1) and (2) as strong. Bormann's signature could easily be forged, and Genoud and Rechenberg are not trustworthy witnesses.
Instead it was (3), the internal evidence and the fact that Trevor-Roper could not see why Genoud would have an interest in forging a Hitler document, which spoke most strongly for authenticity. That is indeed not a very strong, or good, case for authenticity. It is also quite astounding that Trevor-Roper could not imagine why Genoud would have an interest in forging a Hitler document. Trevor-Roper had, however, apparently been quite convinced of the document's authenticity prior to this exchange with Baumgarten, because when answering a question regarding this point coming from David Irving in late 1967 (Irving thought it was a forgery) he stated that the style and context, Bormann's signature, and Genoud's story about how the document came to him, and the fact that Trevor-Roper could not see the motives for Genoud to produce a forgery, all pointed towards authenticity. Trevor-Roper did admit, though, that it was difficult to penetrate the mind of the perfect forger, and that highly qualified scholars had devoted enormous amounts of time to producing forgeries for nothing more than the private satisfaction of having fooled the experts. Because of this, Trevor-Roper wrote, one could not 'reason confidently in such a matter'. As the evidence stood, however, he was inclined to believe it was genuine. 65 Nevertheless, in public Trevor-Roper did in fact 'reason confidently' with regard to Genoud's documents; in fact he never even hinted at any doubts or problems relating to them. By May 1969, after thinking about Irving's objections a good deal, he had become even surer about its authenticity. He also noted that Ja¨ckel too was now convinced. 66 However, once again there were issues connected to the reliability of the translation.
Trevor-Roper wrote to Baumgarten: Genoud to send him a copy. Genoud was of course delighted to hear this, and in a letter on 16 May he told Trevor-Roper that he had already parted with his only French text. This text he had sent to Stevens for translation into English but he would ask Stevens to send this copy on to Trevor-Roper when he was done with it, or even better, the English translation made from it. That was, apparently, the first time Trevor-Roper was made aware of the fact that The Testament, too, was translated from the French, not the German. The so-called 'original' in German Genoud did not want to part with, he said, because the rights of Hitler's heirs were not protected. He could, however, show Trevor-Roper the German text on location in Switzerland. 68 In early June of 1958, Stevens wrote to Trevor-Roper and said that he had received Genoud's French notes and that he would translate them and send Trevor-Roper the text as soon as it was completed. That was the second time Trevor-Roper was made aware of the same fact. Trevor-Roper then thanked Stevens warmly and suggested that they should meet in London after he had read it. Stevens sent Trevor-Roper the translated text on 24 June 1958. 69 Trevor-Roper then wrote to Genoud in early October saying that he had received Stevens' translation and that he had found it 'very interesting'. 70 The question is how Trevor-Roper could possibly have forgotten all of this, even if over a decade had passed? And while one could perhaps forgive Trevor-Roper for not remembering this in 1973 it is not possible to do the same with regard to the English edition from 1961. Despite all of what has been said above, The Testament stated that it was 'translated from the German by Colonel R.H. Stevens'. 71 That was obviously not true. In fact, it was a blatant lie. The book also claimed, on its title page, that the text had been 'edited' by Genoud although nothing was said in it as to what this editing consisted of. 72 But the story was to take yet another turn. In a critical volume on the document published as The Testament and Le testament politique that was in the last stages of production, Baumgarten censored Trevor-Roper's critical judgment regarding both the reliability of Bormann's signature on the now vanished photocopies, and Genoud's claims about the manuscript's history. The book, which was to be published in August 1973 by Piper Verlag, was entitled Hitlers Letzte Rechenschaft and the publisher even advertised the date of publication before it was abruptly stopped when Genoud suddenly refused to let Baumgarten publish it. 73 In the book Baumgarten discussed, in detail, the history of the document and also made a considerable effort to prove its authenticity. He did this by including quotations from Trevor-Roper taken from their correspondence on the matter, letting Trevor-Roper once again become a champion of the authenticity of Genoud's dubious document. Trevor-Roper was even sent the proofs for the book. However, when it came to Trevor-Roper's rather brutal rejection of most of the proofs of the documents' authenticity, Baumgarten resorted to misinformation. Instead of allowing his readers to see Trevor-Roper's assessment of the source, he asked him if he could replace the damaging words with something different, such as with the phrase 'I do not regard (1) and (2)  By this addendum Baumgarten showed that he understood exactly what harm these words could do to Trevor-Roper and The Testament, and perhaps indirectly to Table Talk as well. Trevor-Roper replied that he accepted this change, but added that he would 'prefer the prudently amended passage' of his letter to say that '(1) and (2) are clearly not unassailable', and stop there.' 75 The essence of this change was the same -it concealed Trevor-Roper's much stronger doubts about the text's authenticity from the readers. The reason that it matters, even though the book was never published, is that it shows that Trevor-Roper was prepared, on occasion, to cut corners in order to make Genoud's texts seem more trustworthy than they actually were. Moreover, taken together with all the other similar incidents shown thus far in this article it also establishes a tendency on Trevor-Roper's part to keep information like this from the public.
Trevor-Roper may of course have had good reasons to assume that the documents were genuine because, as he told Baumgarten in March 1973, he had seen: a photocopy of it. It had to be shown to me, for I would not have accepted its authenticity otherwise. It may, of course, even so, be a forgery; and it could be that Genoud's reluctance to reveal it springs from a fear of exposure. On the other hand, he has been equally reluctant to reveal his German text of 'T.T.1' [ Table Talk] and we know that T.T.1 is perfectly genuine; and he has refused to publish the German text of the Bormann letters, whose authenticity, is unquestioned. Therefore it seems that we must look elsewhere for the cause of his sensitivity. 76 However, one document cannot be assumed to be genuine just because other documents from the same source are genuine (not even if that issue was beyond dispute). Moreover, the authenticity of Genoud's Bormann-Vermerke could by no means be taken for granted since it had never been critically examined. Furthermore, Trevor-Roper had stated unambiguously in the introduction to The Testament in 1961 that 'of their authenticity there can be no doubt: their history, their content and Bormann's own familiar signature attest it at every point'. 77 That is an impressive endorsement for a document that he had only briefly seen in photocopy. There was no mention of the doubts that he expressed to Baumgarten. Trevor-Roper obviously did nothing to correct this view before the publication of the German edition in 1981 where one could still read that: 'Sie sind zweifellos echt: Ihre Geschichte, ihr Inhalt und Bormanns wohlvertraute Unterschrift bezeugen dies'. 78 The statement by Trevor-Roper that he had seen a photocopy of the original with Bormann's signature on it of course sounds reassuring, and it renders more plausible the idea that the text may be genuine. But can we trust him? Had he in fact seen Bormann's signature on each page? Perhaps not, since his memory seems to have been rather poor and selective at times. In his correspondence with Baumgarten, Trevor-Roper wrote that he had: never seen anything written in Bormann's own hand except his monogram. I am told that Bormann had lost one or more fingers of his right hand, and that this is the reason for his monogram, which is distinctive but loose and ungainly. This would explain why his own handwriting is not to be seen. 79 This is an astounding statement indeed, especially if we consider the fact that Trevor-Roper had included facsimiles containing Bormann's handwriting in both   80 This only goes to show that Trevor-Roper is not a reliable witness even when it comes to what he had himself seen or heard. We simply cannot take him on his word regarding this fact, or regarding much at all.
The introduction to Hitlers politisches Testament is also strange for another reason. At the end is added the following phrase: '(unvera¨nderter Wortlaut des Textes von 1961)' -a phrase referring to Trevor-Roper's English introduction. 81 Firstly, a translation into another language cannot possibly be said to preserve the wording of the text. Secondly, it was obviously not true since the introduction contains proof that text was added, because Trevor-Roper writes the following regarding the history of the Bormann-Vermerke: 'Erst 1980 erschienen sie auch in Deutschland unter dem Titel 'Monologe im Fu¨hrerhauptquartier 1941/42', nach Heinrich Heims Aufzeichnungen von Werner Jochmann herausgegeben'. 82 This, naturally, was not in the English edition of 1961 and thus the text was not unchanged. Perhaps Trevor-Roper did not consider this a 'change' of the text and intended only to assure the reader that the text was 'basically' the same.
Furthermore, Baumgarten told Trevor-Roper that Genoud had added introductions to each note in Hitlers politisches Testament. 83 This information is also interesting for another reason, namely that these summaries are not the same in the English and German editions. They differ, and sometimes markedly so, in several places; in fact no chapter summary in the English edition is exactly the same as those in the German edition published 20 years later. 84 However, the English chapter summaries are identical to the ones in the French edition. 85 None of this was mentioned in the German edition, either by the publisher or by Trevor-Roper. Yet he took care to make the point that the introduction was unchanged -even though it was not.
None of the document's dubious history was mentioned in the publisher's foreword either (which may have been written by Werner Jochmann, who published Monologe) and the readers were simply told that Genoud had been given a photocopy of the original by his friend Rechenberg (who in his turn was said to have got 80 Trevor-Roper to Baumgarten, 26 May 1973; CCLO; HTRP; VSD 6/6/1, 1. 81 Hitlers politisches Testament. . ., 40. We have no reason to believe that it was not Trevor-Roper who wrote this. Whenever the publisher added something to the text it seems to have been clearly indicated (c.f. ibid., 20-1). There is perhaps one possible exception to this, namely the summary for the very short note IX, which is essentially the same in both versions although the translation is very free. 85 For this, see: Le testament politique de Hitler. . . Dr. Hans-Heinrich Lammers, former Chief of the Reich Chancellery, who attested to the fact that words attributed to Hitler present in the manuscript seemed to remind him of things he had heard the Fu¨hrer utter during the time Lammers was working closely with him. It had a signature that supposedly was Lammers' as well. 89 Of course, this was not at all a validation of the documents' authenticity, it simply was -at best -an indication that resembled something that Hitler had at some point uttered.
What Trevor-Roper thought of this at the time is unknown, but in correspondence with Richard Carrier in 2002 he stated that this 'supports the claim of authenticity, but because of lingering doubts I have never cited the work as evidence'. How something could support a document's claim of authenticity, and at the same time be so unconvincing that Trevor-Roper did not dare to cite the work in question, is not entirely clear. Let us also remember that in his introduction to this same document Trevor-Roper had asserted that its authenticity was beyond doubt. But even if it was to be shown to be a forgery, Trevor-Roper did not think that Genoud was behind it, he told Carrier. That would have been contrary to Genoud's interests, he reasoned, because if Genoud had been exposed it would damage the standing of the genuine documents that he had collected. Instead, Trevor-Roper's suspicions fell on Hans Rechenberg. 90 But how could a forgery be exposed when there was no original?
In addition, Trevor-Roper wrote that he had always found Genoud to be straightforward, although somewhat difficult to deal with because of his unwillingness to show his original documents (which Trevor-Roper still ascribed to nervousness about copyright). He did not believe that Genoud deliberately distorted the texts (something Carrier had already proven to be the case), but added that 'I have not made a close textual study'. This is a fairly clear admission that Trevor-Roper had no idea if the texts he had validated were genuine or not, or how accurate the translations were. 91 Trevor-Roper did not comment on Carrier's findings that Genoud's French translation could not be trusted. 92 We can get a good idea as to why Trevor-Roper never mentioned anything about the questionable nature of the documents he validated in public through some of his private correspondence. Following an article about Genoud in The Sunday Times in July 1967, Trevor-Roper wrote to the newspaper's foreign editor, Frank Giles, asking if he could get some more information on Genoud from Giles or from Ingrid Etter, the author of the article. Trevor-Roper stated, privately and confidentially, that he knew Genoud 'personally quite well, and have always had good relations with him'. He continued by saying that he knew that some of his activities were 'pretty shady' but that he never pressed Genoud about them. The reason was that Genoud, according to Trevor-Roper could be 'very useful as a source, if carefully handled'. Trevor-Roper continued with the following enlightening phrase: 'I hope, one day, to make some further discoveries through him, provided my good relations with him remain undamaged: we operate on the basis that each knows the other and play fair'. 93 This is probably one of the main reasons as to why Trevor-Roper was willing to overlook some of the more suspicious features of Genoud's texts. The German journalist Willi Winkler, in his biography of Genoud, cites a letter from Trevor-Roper to a US college student (in fact, he was a doctoral student) written in 1964 where he said basically the same thing, that he had some doubts regarding Genoud's sources but he refrained from saying anything about them because he did not want to lose his credit with Genoud. 94 Trevor-Roper wrote: When he [Genoud] has a document which he wants to publish, he relies on me to vouch for its genuineness, if I think it genuine: that is all. Of course I have my suspicions about his sources, but I keep the bargain too and do not express them! 95 Trevor-Roper thus refrained from posing the difficult questions about Genoud's sources in public because he was afraid to lose access to Genoud as a source of important historical documents -but in private he could be quite critical of Genoud and the documents he supplied. He did on occasion express his doubts directly to Genoud, but he never let his readers (be it the lay public or professional historians, apart from a few friends) know about them. The reason, it can be assumed, was that Trevor-Roper probably knew that if he failed to validate one of Genoud's documents the latter would then surely have gone to someone else the next time he wanted to publish a Nazi document. Still, Trevor-Roper did not really need to do all of this in order to build his own career. From 1957 he held the prestigious position of Regius Professor of Modern History at Oxford and could therefore easily have afforded to be more critical of Genoud and his documents. Of the texts discussed in this article it was only the first edition of Table Talk that was published before his academic career was safe and secure for life. With time, of course, Trevor-Roper invested a considerable amount of his professional credibility in these documents, and the longer this went on, the more difficult it became for him to express misgivings regarding the authenticity or reliability of documents that he had publically validated as genuine.
Trevor-Roper's biographer Adam Sisman points out that the letters to his literary agent show just how acutely aware he was of his value to newspapers, magazines and book publishers who turned to him in order to get a seal of approval as well as editorial commentary. This had a pecuniary side to it as well, both to Trevor-Roper and Genoud. of Hitler documents -thanks in part to Genoud's material. And Genoud's documents increased considerably in value after Trevor-Roper had gone on record attesting to their authenticity. Trevor-Roper's career as a Hitler expert had in fact started already when he published his famous book The Last Days of Hitler in 1947, a book that had propelled him to fame. 96 This financial interest, too, may be part of the explanation for Trevor-Roper's tendency to leave out critical information when it came to these documents.
As is well known, Trevor-Roper's stature and credibility as a historian diminished considerably after he made the rather unfortunate decision to authenticate the so-called Hitler diaries. These diaries were forged by a man named Konrad Kujau, and in April 1983 the issue blew up when the German magazine Stern, which had bought the rights to publish them, made their sensational discovery public. Trevor-Roper initially stated publically that he thought the diaries were genuine; it was only later (too late for his reputation) that he changed his mind and voiced doubts about his own initial judgment. The circumstances surrounding the Hitler diaries were very similar to those surrounding the Genoud documents. There was a lot of secrecy regarding their history, the provenance of the sources was unclear, and the authentication process included no forensic testing (once this was made on the Hitler diaries the forgery was conclusively proven, but no such analysis has ever been made on Genoud's documents). As with the Genoud documents, the judgment of authenticity was based almost entirely on so-called internal evidence in the texts themselves. The list could be made longer. 97 Before he changed his mind, however, Trevor-Roper went on record stating that the diaries were the most important historical discovery of the 1980s and 'a scoop of Watergate proportions'. Neither of these statements was even Trevor-Roper's originally, but the creation of a Stern editor who attributed them to Trevor-Roper with his reluctant permission. 98 This article has looked at the history of Trevor-Roper's actions in connection with the publication of Table Talk and The Testament, the purported sources for Hitler's most innermost thoughts. It has focused on the following questions: What did the process leading up to the publication of the Table Talk and The Testament look like, and what was Trevor-Roper's role in this process? In the article we have seen numerous examples of how Trevor-Roper failed to tell his readers vital information about his source material that would most likely have had a negative effect on the credibility of that material, affecting both the original manuscripts' claims to authenticity and the reputation for accuracy of the translations.
Trevor-Roper did this on at least four separate occasions, namely in connection with the publication of Table Talk  was when he, also in 1973, allowed Baumgarten to change his statements regarding the reliability and authenticity of The Testament text. One could in fact count the third edition of Table Talk, published by Oxford University Press in 1988, as the sixth instance because it was a re-print of the first edition without any additional note by Trevor-Roper on the dubious translation process. All of this clearly demonstrates a pattern in Trevor-Roper's handling of Genoud's documents, namely that he kept his doubts about them to himself and was prepared to relinquish certain source-critical principles when publishing them.
Trevor-Roper acted as a contact for Genoud and provided the latter with publication opportunities for his documents. At the same time he acted as an expert validator for those same documents. The fact that Trevor-Roper stood to gain not only academic prestige but also financially from his relationship with Genoud makes his role as a validator even more problematic. It made him prone to overlook some very compromising facts about the documents Genoud provided to him. This article has argued that Trevor-Roper's actions can best be explained by reference to Trevor-Roper's dependence on Genoud for documents. On several occasions, albeit in private, Trevor-Roper made it quite clear that the reason why he did not question Genoud's documents was that he wished to be the one that Genoud turned to when he desired to publish new Nazi material. We have also seen that Trevor-Roper often cannot be trusted when it comes to his own recollections of what he had seen or not seen. On the other hand, it has been confirmed that Trevor-Roper never undertook a detailed study of the texts that formed the basis for Table Talk and The Testament, and that he thus did not have any grounds for attesting to their authenticity even on content grounds.
With regard to the scandal surrounding the Hitler diaries it should be pointed out that the rather sloppy manner in which Trevor-Roper went about authenticating those forgeries had many parallels with his dealings with Genoud and his documents. This article has thus been able to show that Trevor-Roper's handling of the Hitler diaries was not an oddity in an otherwise spotless past, but rather falls into a pattern that had been well established more than 30 years earlier. Just as the potential historical significance of the documents provided to him by Genoud was allowed to cloud his professional judgment, so did the potential importance of the Hitler diaries. Especially to be seen in the Hitler diaries affair is Trevor-Roper's tendency to keep his doubts away from public view.
What has come to light in this article thus underlines the need for a thorough investigation of both the Bormann-Vermerke and Picker's original manuscript (if they are still extant somewhere), in addition to the history of the various translated editions based on them in order to sort out what can be trusted to be a relatively good representation of Hitler's views and words and what cannot. The need for a critical and comparative edition of the various texts has never seemed more urgent. It would also be necessary to continue the comparative and critical study of the English, French and the two German editions begun by Carrier in order to further determine what parts of Table Talk have been based on the French and which have not. A lot of work still remains to be done. 99