Abstract
Huey P. Newton remains one the left’s intellectual enigmas. Although lauded for being the leader of the Black Panther Party, Newton is relatively unacknowledged as an intellectual. This article challenges the neglect of Newton’s thought by shedding light on his theory of empire, and the present-day value of returning to his thought. The article centres on how Newton’s critique of what he called ‘reactionary intercommunalism’ prefigures many of the elements found in the work of Hardt and Negri on empire. This comparison will be used to show how Newton not only foresaw elements of the rise of contemporary neoliberal globalization, but also offered an idea of political solidarity and revolutionary politics for such a context. The article concludes by highlighting how Newton’s ideas about the need for a war of position based on ‘survival pending revolution’ presents a more theoretically and empirically salient conceptualization of resistance than his successors.
References
| Abbinnett, Ross (2006) Marxism after Modernity. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Angelo, Ann-Marie (2009) The Black Panthers in London, 1967–1972: A diasporic struggle navigates the Black Atlantic. Radical History Review 103: 17–35. Google Scholar | |
| Baran, Paul and Sweezy, Paul (1966) Monopoly Capital. New York: Monthly Review Press. Google Scholar | |
| Bhambra, Gurminder K. and Narayan, John (2016) Introduction: Colonial histories and the post-colonial present of European cosmopolitanism. In: Bhambra, Gurminder K. and Narayan, John (eds) European Cosmopolitanism: Colonial Histories and Postcolonial Societies. London: Routledge. Google Scholar | |
| Bloom, Joshua and Martin, Waldo E. (2013) Black against Empire: The History and Politics of the Black Panther Party. Berkeley: University of California Press. Google Scholar | |
| Bobbio, Norberto (1996) Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Direction. Cambridge: Polity Press. Google Scholar | |
| Brown, Elaine (1992) A Taste of Power: A Black Woman’s Story. New York: Pantheon Books. Google Scholar | |
| Dean, Jodi (2016) Crowds and Party. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Felix (1988) A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. London: The Athlone Press. Google Scholar | |
| Genet, Jean (1992) Prisoner of Love. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. Google Scholar | |
| Gilroy, Paul (2000) Against Race. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Gramsci, Antonio (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers. Google Scholar | |
| Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio (1999) Empire. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio (2004) Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire. London: Penguin Books. Google Scholar | |
| Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio (2009) Commonwealth Empire. London: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Hardt, Michael and Negri, Antonio (2012) Declaration. New York: Argo. Google Scholar | |
| Harrison, Oliver (2016) Occupy: ‘Struggles for the common’ or an ‘anti-politics of dignity’? Reflections on Hardt and Negri and John Holloway. Capital and Class. DOI: 10.1177/0309816816653877: 1–16. Google Scholar | |
| Harvey, David (2009) Commonwealth: An exchange. Artforum International 48(3): 211–215, 256–262. Google Scholar | |
| Heiner, Brady Thomas (2007) Foucault and the Black Panthers. City 11(3): 313–356. Google Scholar | |
| Heynen, Nik (2009) Bending the bars of empire from every ghetto for survival: The Black Panther Party’s radical antihunger politics of social reproduction and scale. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 99(2): 406–422. Google Scholar | |
| Hilliard, David (1993) This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Boston, MA: Little Brown. Google Scholar | |
| Hilliard, David (ed.) (2008) The Black Panther Party: Service to the People Programs. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. Google Scholar | |
| Hochschild, Arlie (2016) Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: New Press. Google Scholar | |
| Jeffries, Judson L. (2002) Huey P. Newton: The Radical Theorist. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi. Google Scholar | |
| Joseph, Peniel (2006) Waiting Til’ the Midnight Hour: A Narrative of Black Power in America. New York: Henry Holt and Co. Google Scholar | |
| Kelly, Robin G. (2016a) What does Black Lives Matter want? Boston Review. Available at: http://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/robin-d-g-kelley-movement-black-lives-vision (accessed 20 October 2016). Google Scholar | |
| Laclau, Ernesto (2005) On Populist Reason. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Mandel, Ernest (1975) Late Capitalism. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Milanovic, Branco (2016) Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Murch, Donna (2010) Living for the City: Immigration, Education and the Rise of the Black Panther Party in Oakland, California. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar | |
| Narayan, John (2017) The wages of whiteness in the absence of wages: Racial capitalism, reactionary intercommunalism and the rise of Trumpism. Third World Quarterly. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2017.1368012. Google Scholar | |
| Negri, Antonio (2003) Time for Revolution. London: Continuum. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (1970) Intercommunalism: A higher level of consciousness. Unpublished manuscript. Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation Inc. collection, M0864. Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (1972a) Merrit College lecture series 1 and 2. Unpublished manuscript. Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation Inc. collection, M0864. Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (1972b) The technology question: After the land question. Unpublished manuscript. Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation Inc. collection, M0864. Dept. of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries, Stanford, CA. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (2002) The Huey P. Newton Reader. New York: Seven Stories Press. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (2009a [1972]) To Die for the People. San Francisco: City Lights Books. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. (2009b [1973]) Revolutionary Suicide. New York: Penguin. Google Scholar | |
| Newton, Huey P. and Erikson, E.H. (1973) In Search of Common Ground: Conversations with Erik H. Erikson and Huey P. Newton. New York: Norton. Google Scholar | |
| Pantich, Leo and Gindin, Sam (2013) The Making of Global Capitalism: The Political Economy of the Global Empire. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Pearson, Hugh (1994) The Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. New York: Da Capo Press. Google Scholar | |
| Prashad, Vijay (2007) The Darker Nations: A People’s History of the Third World. New York: The New Press. Google Scholar | |
| Prashad, Vijay (2013) The Poorer Nations: A Possible History of the Global South. London: Verso. Google Scholar | |
| Prashad, Vijay (2016) The fault line of race in America. Counterpunch, 5 February. Available at: https://www.counterpunch.org/2016/02/05/the-fault-line-of-race-in-america/ (accessed 20 August 2017). Google Scholar | |
| Puar, Jasbir (2012) ‘I would rather be a cyborg than a goddess’: Becoming intersectional in assemblage theory. philoSOPHIA 2(1): 49–66. Google Scholar | |
| Robinson, Cedric (2000) Black Marxism: The Making of the Black Radical Tradition. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. Google Scholar | |
| Rodriguez, Besenia (2006) Long live Third World unity! Long live internationalism: Huey P. Newton’s revolutionary intercommunalism. Souls 8(3): 119–141. Google Scholar | |
| Singh, Nikhil Pal (2004) Black is a Country: Race and the Unfinished Struggle for Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Slate, Nico (2012) Black Power Beyond Borders: The Global Dimensions of the Black Power Movement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Google Scholar | |
| Smith, John (2016) Imperialism in the Twenty-first Century: Globalization, Super-exploitation and Capitalism’s Final Crisis. New York: Monthly Review Press. Google Scholar | |
| Spencer, Robyn C. (2016) The Revolution Has Come: Black Power, Gender and the Black Panther Party in Oakland. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Google Scholar | |
| Street, Joe (2010) The historiography of the Black Panther Party. Journal of American Studies 44(2): 351–375. Google Scholar | |
| Tampio, Nicholas (2009) Assemblages and the multitude: Deleuze, Hardt, Negri and the postmodern left. European Journal of Political Theory 8(3): 383–400. Google Scholar | |
| Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta (2016) From #BlackLivesMatter to Black Liberation. Chicago: Haymarket Books. Google Scholar | |
| Tyner, James (2006) Defend the ghetto: Space and the urban politics of the Black Panther Party. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96: 105–118. Google Scholar | |
| Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974) The rise and future demise of the world capitalist system: Concepts for comparative analysis. Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(September): 387–415. Google Scholar | |
| Ware, Jared (2017) Redneck revolt builds anti-racist, anti-capitalist movement with working-class whites. Shadow Proof, June. Available at: https://shadowproof.com/2017/06/20/redneck-revolt-builds-anti-racist-anti-capitalist-movement-working-class-whites/ (accessed 28 July 2017). Google Scholar |
