A Rare Presentation of Fibromuscular Dysplasia: Postpartum Vascular Catastrophe and Brief Literature Review

Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a very rare cause of acute coronary syndromes and can be life threatening given the rarity of the condition. It should be part of differentials in young females presenting with acute coronary syndromes without routine risk factors for coronary artery disease, especially before, during, and after pregnancy. It is closely associated with fibromuscular dysplasia and management can be very challenging at times. We present a case of spontaneous coronary artery dissection presenting with recurrent ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in association with fibromuscular dysplasia.

sent home on aspirin and ticagrelor with plan to follow-up as an outpatient.
The patient returned within 48 hours with complaints of chest pain and worsening headaches. EKG showed ST elevation in leads I, aVL, and V2-V4. Coronary angiography showed dissection of left main artery and left circumflex (Figure 3a and b), which were difficult to stent. The patient eventually underwent coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG). A repeat CT angiogram of the head and neck showed new diffuse narrowing of the left cervical ICA consistent with a dissection and a pseudoaneurysm. A new pseudoaneurysm was noted in the right cervical ICA and the right vertebral artery (Figure 4a and b). No neurologic deficits were present during readmission and intervention was deferred. Unfortunately, the patient developed an apical thrombus in the left ventricle and warfarin was initiated along with aspirin prior to hospital discharge.

Discussion
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is classified based on its angiographic appearance.
Type 1 SCAD is an intimal tear of the main vessel or rupture of the vasa vasorum resulting in intramural hematoma with medial dissection, presenting as multiple lumens on angiography.
Type 2 SCAD is the most common type. It spares the intima and appears as diffuse long stenosis on angiography. Type 3 SCAD has an atherosclerotic appearance. Intravascular imaging is mandatory to confirm type 3 SCAD as it cannot be differentiated from atherosclerosis. 1,2 SCAD is the manifestation of an underlying condition. It is associated with atherosclerotic and several nonatherosclerotic risk factors, such as connective tissue disorders, including FMD, postpartum status, breastfeeding, coronary artery spasm, hormonal therapy, intense emotional stress, and intense exercise. 3,4 Fifty to 75% of patients with SCAD were found to have coexisting FMD with prominent involvement of the renal, iliac, or cerebrovascular vessels on imaging-based screening. Approximately 14% of such patients were also found to have concomitant intracranial aneurysms. 5 Pregnancy and FMD are independent risk factors for SCAD. Unfortunately, FMD diagnosis is often delayed for several years in patients who present with hypertension as FMD is poorly understood. Both FMD and pregnancy tend to be associated with multivessel involvement. 6,7 SCAD involves the mid to distal LAD artery in the majority of cases, and the proximal LAD artery and the left main (LM) coronary in pregnancy-related (p)-SCAD. 8 Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred method of intervention in all symptomatic cases of SCAD, except when the LM coronary and ostial LAD artery are involved, in which case coronary artery bypass graft surgery is the treatment of choice. Since dissection, especially pregnancy-associated SCAD, tends to cause the propagation/extension of dissection in nearly half of all patients, PCI is successful in nearly a quarter of patients. 9,10 Patients who present with acute coronary syndromes should be treated with PCI. Post-PCI patients should be managed medically especially if they have received a stent or have elevated blood pressure. Medication such as aspirin, heparin, beta-blockers, and nitrates can be used for medical management. 11 An imaging follow-up is a reasonable approach. Nearly all dissection cases have been shown to have healed on repeat imaging at 4 weeks.
In our patient, as discussed above, both coronary and carotid vessels were involved and the patient was managed initially by PCI and later required CABG. She did have  carotid involvement but did not require any intervention given the fact that she was asymptomatic. Patients presenting with chest pains should be worked up aggressively, especially before, during, and after pregnancy given the severity and variability of presentation.

Conclusion
Patients with SCAD usually present with acute coronary syndromes in the female population and diagnosis can be very challenging and misleading. There are no clear-cut guidelines about management but data so far definitely suggest adopting a conservative approach and using aggressive measures like intervention or even CABG if medical management is not successful. If dissection is suspected, glycoprotein IIb/IIa inhibitors and fibrinolytic agents are contraindicated as their use may predispose the patient to intramural hematoma extension.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.