Patient With a 42-Year History of Coccidioidal Meningitis

This is a case of a 56-year-old man diagnosed with coccidioidal meningitis 42 years ago at the age of 14. He was treated with intrathecal amphotericin B deoxycholate by cisternal puncture for 15 years before switching to fluconazole once it became available in 1991. Over 42 years of treatment, he developed hearing loss due to auditory nerve neurotoxicity, hydrocephalus requiring ventriculoperitoneal shunting with associated malfunctions, lumbar arachnoiditis, and hypokalemic paralysis. Regular cerebrospinal fluid studies to this day do not show disease clearance. Many of the lessons from his clinical history are enshrined in the current iteration of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Coccidioidomycosis Treatment Guidelines. To our knowledge, he is the longest surviving coccidioidal meningitis patient.


Introduction
Meningitis is the most feared form of extrapulmonary coccidioidomycosis, which is caused by fungal species Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. 1 In the 2016 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis, the treatment of choice is 400 to 1200 mg oral fluconazole. If this clinically fails, options are to change to another azole or to initiate intrathecal amphotericin B therapy. For the most common complication, hydrocephalus, a shunt for decompression is nearly always required. 2 Reoccurrences after presumed "cure" at 3 years have been reported 3,4 ; thus, duration of therapy is now considered to be lifelong.

Case
A 54-year-old Caucasian man was initially diagnosed with central nervous system coccidioidomycosis at age 14 in 1976. He received intrathecal amphotericin B deoxycholate on a declining schedule from age 14 to 29 via cisternal puncture. He suffered auditory, but not vestibular, nerve damage related to intrathecal amphotericin B deoxycholate neurotoxicity. 5 After fluconazole was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in early 1991, 6 he was started on fluconazole 400 mg. Mild hydrocephalus was initially detected at this point. The hydrocephalus continued to worsen, and by 1995, at age 31, a ventriculoperitoneal shunt was placed, which required 2 subsequent revisions.
He had persistent cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures of Coccidioides, and therefore, fluconazole was gradually increased up to his current dose of 1200 mg by 2001. 7 In 2008, at age 45, he developed severe lumbar pain and was found to have lumbar arachnoiditis. Soon thereafter, he developed a neurogenic bladder and suffered from erectile dysfunction. As a result, CSF monitoring was returned to cisternal puncture due to the lumbar pain. He had a hypokalemic paralysis that was suspected to be related to fluconazole therapy in 2011, at age 48. Most recently, in 2017, he had an episode of headache and ataxia secondary to transient ventriculoperitoneal shunt malfunction.
After an episode of unstable angina in 2010, at age 47, he underwent a heart catheterization that demonstrated coronary artery disease leading to a quadruple coronary artery bypass. In January 2016, at age 53, he suffered a non-ST elevation myocardial infarction for which he received multiple drug-eluting stents, and he was started on dual antiplatelet therapy. His current medications are lisinopril, metoprolol, aspirin, clopidogrel, ezetimibe, anti-PCSK9 monoclonal antibody bimonthly injections (evolocumab), and fluconazole 1200 mg daily.
Despite 42 years of therapy, longitudinal CSF studies reveal persistent lymphocytic pleocytosis (Figure 1), elevated protein (Figure 2), normalizing glucose (Figure 3), and    reactive with complement fixation titer as high as 1:8. Serum fluconazole levels have been routinely collected ( Figure 5). The patient refused to try a newer azole.

Discussion
Patients with untreated central nervous system coccidioidomycosis have 100% mortality 2 years after initial diagnosis. 8 Even with aggressive treatment, 30% of patients may still die early in the disease course. 1,9,10 Seventy percent of patients have treatment response and improve to varying degrees but are on lifelong therapy. 11 This patient is living symbiotically with Coccidioides.
This patient has been clinically stable since his last CSF analysis in 2015. He has been adherent to high-dose fluconazole therapy. Based on available data since 2005, despite serum fluconazole drug levels that were largely within accepted limits ( Figure 5) as per current practice of his infectious disease physicians, 11 he still has persistent lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated protein, reactive IgG immunodiffusion, and positive complement fixation titer. To our knowledge, he is the longest surviving patient with CNS coccidioidomycosis. The need for indefinite lifelong highdose azole suppressive therapy is demonstrated here.

Authors' Note
Views expressed in this article are our own and not the official position of the institutions listed. This case report was presented as a poster at the 61st Annual Meeting of the Coccidioidomycosis Study Group in collaboration with the 7th International Coccidioidomycosis Symposium at Stanford University, California, in August 2017, as well as at the American Federation for Medical Research Western Medical Research Conference in Carmel, California, in January 2018.

Declaration of Conflicting Interests
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding
The author(s) received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Ethics Approval
Ethical approval to report this case was obtained from the Kern Medical Center Institutional Review Board (Study #17044).

Informed Consent
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for his anonymized information to be published in this article.