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.125rem;margin-bottom:1rem}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div:not(:first-child){margin-top:1rem;padding-top:1rem}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div.core-email,.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div.core-identifier{margin-top:.5rem;padding-top:.5rem}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div .orcid-id,.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div [property=email]{font-size:inherit}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div .orcid-id:before,.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div [property=email]:before{margin-right:.25rem}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div [property=email]{color:#006acc}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div [property=email]:before{color:#555}.core-collateral [data-expandable=item]>.content>div .orcid-id:after{font-family:icomoon;display:inline-block;font-size:14.4px;font-size:.9rem;margin-left:.25rem;color:#555;content:"";text-decoration:none}.core-collateral [role=tablist]{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;justify-content:unset}.core-collateral [role=tablist] button{flex:unset}.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] .section--wrapper,.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] [role=tabpanel]{margin:0 -1.5rem;padding:0 1.5rem}.core-collateral [tabindex="0"]{outline:none}.core-collateral .btn{display:inline-flex}.core-collateral .core-enumeration a{color:#888}.core-collateral .toggle-all-wrapper{text-align:right}.core-collateral .icon-mail-outline{font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem}.core-collateral .share-email__source{margin-bottom:.5rem}.core-collateral .share-self__source{border:1px solid #ccc;font-size:14px;font-size:.875rem;line-height:22px;line-height:1.375rem;margin-top:1rem;padding:.5rem .75rem}@media screen and (min-width:1224px){.core-collateral [data-back=collateral]{display:none}.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] header h2{grid-gap:1rem}}@media screen and (max-width:1223px){.core-collateral{padding:.75rem 1.5rem}.core-collateral [data-back=collateral],.core-collateral [data-close=collateral]{height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.core-collateral [data-back=collateral] [class^=icon-],.core-collateral [data-close=collateral] [class^=icon-]{font-size:1.5rem}.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] header{margin:0 -1.5rem;padding:0 1.5rem 1rem}.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] header [data-style-of=h2],.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] header h2{font-size:1.125rem;line-height:1.5;overflow:hidden;padding:0 .25rem;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap}.core-collateral>[role=tabpanel] header h2 [class^=icon-]{font-size:1.5rem;vertical-align:middle}}.core-author-link{text-align:center}.core-author-link:not(:first-child){border-top:1px solid #ccc}.core-author-link a{font-size:inherit}.core-crossmark-badge,.core-peer-review-report{margin-top:1rem}.core-permissions [href*=copyright]{align-items:center;border-radius:.125rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1;max-height:32px;max-height:2rem;min-height:32px;min-height:2rem;min-width:32px;min-width:2rem;transition:background .15s ease-in-out,color .15s ease-in-out;background:var(--btn-secondary-background);border:var(--btn-secondary-border);color:var(--btn-secondary-color);display:inline-flex;font-size:12px;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:600;justify-content:center;line-height:40px;line-height:2.5rem;max-height:none;min-width:264px;min-width:16.5rem;margin-top:1rem;padding:0 1rem;text-decoration:none;text-transform:uppercase}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] abbr{text-transform:none}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] [class^=icon-],.core-permissions [href*=copyright] svg{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;margin-left:.4em;margin-right:.4em}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] [class^=icon-]:first-child,.core-permissions [href*=copyright] svg:first-child{margin-left:0}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] [class^=icon-]:last-child,.core-permissions [href*=copyright] svg:last-child{margin-right:0}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] .icon-component svg{max-width:16px;max-width:1rem}.core-permissions [href*=copyright] .icon-copy-o{font-size:1.4em}@media(max-width:767px){.core-permissions [href*=copyright]{border-radius:.125rem;min-height:2.5rem}}.core-permissions [href*=copyright]:active,.core-permissions [href*=copyright]:focus-visible,.core-permissions [href*=copyright]:hover{background:var(--btn-secondary-background-hover);border:var(--btn-secondary-border-hover);color:var(--btn-secondary-color-hover)}.core-permissions [href*=copyright]:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #00309f,inset 0 0 0 1px #00309f}.core-peer-review-report [target=_blank],.core-pmid [target=_blank]{position:relative;display:inline-block;margin-right:1.5rem;max-width:calc(100% - 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.checkbox--primary{display:inline-block;font-size:inherit;margin:0;vertical-align:middle}#core-collateral-share .checkbox--primary a{margin-left:.25rem}#core-collateral-share .checkbox--primary span:before{border-color:#888;height:20px;height:1.25rem;margin-top:.25rem;width:20px;width:1.25rem}#core-collateral-share .checkbox--primary input:checked~span:before{color:#14797b;border-color:#888;background:#fff}#core-collateral-share .input-group a{vertical-align:middle}#core-collateral-share .share-self__source{border-radius:.125rem;min-height:40px;min-height:2.5rem}#core-collateral-share a:not(.btn){display:inline;line-height:28px;line-height:1.75rem}[data-expandable] [aria-controls]{text-transform:capitalize}[data-expandable] [aria-controls]:focus-visible{outline:2px auto Highlight;outline:.125rem auto Highlight;outline:2px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;outline:.125rem auto -webkit-focus-ring-color}.eCommerceCheckoutSavedForLaterItemsWidget .tabs .add-article-to-cart,.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget .add-article-to-cart{background:#000;background:0 0;border:none;padding:1rem 1.5rem!important;margin:0}.eCommerceCheckoutSavedForLaterItemsWidget .tabs .add-article-to-cart__title,.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget .add-article-to-cart__title{text-transform:none;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400}.eCommerceCheckoutSavedForLaterItemsWidget .tabs .add-article-to-cart__price,.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget .add-article-to-cart__price{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:600}.eCommerceCheckoutSavedForLaterItemsWidget .tabs .addedMessage,.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget .addedMessage{background:#000;background:0 0;border:none;margin:0}.eCommerceCheckoutSavedForLaterItemsWidget .tabs .addedMessage .success-message,.eCommercePurchaseAccessWidget .addedMessage .success-message{font-size:16px;font-size:1rem}#core-collateral-metrics .section--wrapper>section~section:not(:empty),#core-collateral-self-citation 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.collateral-middle,.core-nav-wrapper .collateral-more{margin-left:.75rem;padding-left:.75rem}}.core-nav-wrapper .core-sections-menu button{align-items:center;display:flex;font-size:14px;font-size:.875rem}.core-nav-wrapper .collateral-pill{margin-left:1.75rem}.core-nav-wrapper a,.core-nav-wrapper button{border:none;padding:0}.core-nav-wrapper a:focus,.core-nav-wrapper button:focus{background-color:#000;background-color:transparent}.core-nav-wrapper .icon-download:before{content:none}.core-nav-wrapper [class^=icon-]{font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem}.core-nav-wrapper [class^=icon-]+span{margin-left:.5rem}.core-nav-wrapper [class^=icon-]:not(.icon-contents){color:#dd3142}[aria-controls=article_sections_menu][aria-expanded=true]{position:relative}[aria-controls=article_sections_menu][aria-expanded=true]:after,[aria-controls=article_sections_menu][aria-expanded=true]:before{border-style:solid;border-width:0 .5rem .5rem;content:"";height:0;left:0;position:absolute;width:0}[aria-controls=article_sections_menu][aria-expanded=true]:after{border-color:transparent transparent #fff;top:calc(100% + .5625rem)}[aria-controls=article_sections_menu][aria-expanded=true]:before{border-color:transparent transparent #ccc;top:calc(100% + .5rem)}header[data-extent=frontmatter] .core-self-citation [property=sameAs]:focus-within,header[data-extent=frontmatter] .core-self-citation [property=sameAs]:hover{text-decoration:underline}.share-buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;grid-gap:1rem;justify-content:space-around}.share-buttons .btn{color:#333;flex-direction:column;font-size:16px;font-size:1rem;font-weight:400;line-height:1.75;min-height:80px;min-height:5rem;min-width:unset;padding:0;width:auto}.share-buttons .btn i{border:1px solid;border-radius:50%;font-size:24px;font-size:1.5rem;height:48px;height:3rem;line-height:46px;line-height:2.875rem;margin:0 0 .25rem;width:48px;width:3rem}.share-buttons .btn span{margin:0}.share-buttons .btn:hover i{animation:trans-float .8s ease-in-out 0s 2}.share-buttons .btn--facebook i{color:#3b5998;border-color:#3b5998}.share-buttons .btn--twitter i{color:#1da1f2;border-color:#1da1f2}.share-buttons .btn--linkedin i{color:#0077b5;border-color:#0077b5}.share-buttons .btn--wechat i{color:#00a152;border-color:#00a152}[role=tablist]>button.active:focus{outline:none;box-shadow:0 0 0 1px #00309f}main article{z-index:1}